Unit 8 Vocabulary
Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact was an alliances between the Italy, Japan, and Germany. This was signed on September 27, 1940.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty that made war illegal. This was signed on January 17, 1929.
Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan was the plan to collect reparations from Germany following World War I. Germany owed $32 Billion and they didn’t have all the money to pay.
1933 London Economic Conference
During the 1933 London Economic Conference nations gathered to stabilize national currencies during the depression. FDR refused to participate, this put the world in a deeper crisis.
Good Neighbor Policy
The Good Neighbor Policy was a policy that applied to Latin America. This mean non-interference and non-intervention in the affairs of the nation.
Recognition of the USSR
Since 1917, the United States never recognized the Soviet Union. During the Depression, the US never saw the USSR as a threat but as a resource for food and supplies.
Withdrawal from Asia
When the US withdrew from Asia, they gave the Philippines independence by 1946. It was thought that the US was giving up on being a world power.
Totalitarianism is a completely centralized and controlling form of government. This is the opposite of democratism.
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill was a prime minister of the United Kingdom. During this period, he gained victory of Great Britain in WWII.
Charles De Gaulle
Charles De Gaulle was a french politician. He is well known for his bold foreign policy.
Rise of the Dictators
The Rise of the Dictators was a period where nations were becoming totalitarian. The German, USSR and Italy were practicing a much stricter type of dictatorship.
Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Laws were laws put in place toward Jews by Hitler in 1935. These laws removed Jews of German citizenship and put zero value on their property.
Kristallnacht
The Kristallnacht “the night of the broken glass” was a night when jewish businesses, synagogues and homes were burned and destroyed. This occurred on the night of November 9, 1938.
Policy of Appeasement
March 1936
Moved troops to the Rhineland, France gave Hitler the land he wanted so that they wouldn’t go back to war.
September 1938
Munich conference – Hitler was given Sudetenland to appease him.
March 1939
Hitler conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Germany
Germany is a country in Central Europe. During WWII, Hitler was the leader.
Third Reich
The Third Reich or Third Reign, was the Nazi Regime in Nazi Germany. Hitler created this and the “Brownshirts” to destroy anyone who opposed him.
Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf (My struggles) was a book written by Adolf Hitler. The book blamed all problems of Germany on Jews, Communist, and intellectuals. This help the people cope with the depression and encouraged them to follow Hitler.
Italy
Italy is a country in Southern Europe. During WWII, Italy was led by prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini. He founded the Fascist Party in 1921.
USSR
During WWII, USSR or Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin using the strategy “by any means necessary.” This meant assassinating opponents and creating a totalitarian government.
Nazi/Soviet Pact
The Nazi Pact or National Socialist Party studied the ideology of Nazism. The Soviet Pact was controlled by Joseph Stalin; he used the Red Army to force his will.
Date of WWII starting in Europe
European Theater
Spain
Spain is a country in southwestern Europe. During WWII, the country became Fascist after the Spanish Civil War.
Japan
Japan is a country in Eastern Asia. During WWII, Japan began aggressively expanding to rely less imports and reduce western influence in Asia.
Homefront
The Homefront was interchangeable with where the front of the war was. Americans felt no bombs, saw no enemy soldiers and had no casualties.
1940 Election
The 1940 Election was between democratic candidate: Frederick Douglass and Republican candidate Wendell Willkie. This was FDR’s third term and he won by electoral count.
Neutrality Acts
Cash and Carry
1937- This would allow the United States to only sell non-military goods.
1939- This allowed the United States to sell good to warring countries, provided the buyer, transported the goods in their ship and paid in cash.
Lend-Lease Act- The Lend-Lease Act provided over $50 billion worth of weapons and equipment.
Destroyer Deal- The Destroyer Deal stated on paper, the United States got fishing rights, but in reality we got eight naval bases.
Undeclared War
The Axis Powers viewed the Lend-Lease Bill as an unofficial declaration of war. The German U-Boats began attacking the US merchant ships and destroyers in the Atlantic.
Arsenal of Democracy
The Arsenal of Democracy was a slogan used by FDR to help the UK fight Nazi Germany. This was included in a speech given on December 29, 1940.
Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic Charter was a secret meeting between Frederick Douglass and Winston Churchill. The meeting consisted of an agreement that the people had the freedom to their own form of government and suggest the League of Nations.
Four Freedoms
The Four Freedoms were proposed by FDR and Winston Churchill during the Atlantic Charter. The freedoms were: Freedom of Religion; Freedom of Speech; Freedom from Fear; and Freedom from Want.
Berlin-Rome Axis
The Berlin-Rome Axis was a group formed between Italy and Germany to join the countries. This was to make them both fascism on October 25, 1936.
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a major US naval base, where the attack by Japan occurred. On December 7, 1941 a grave disruption occurred that lead to war with Japan.
War Production Board
The War Production Board took charge of American Industry. The 1942 production consisted of 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircrafts, 76,000 ships, 86,000 tanks and 2.6 million machine guns.
Office of Price Administration
Office of Price Administration controlled rationing of scarce goods. This instituted limits on consumer good prices and kept wages downs.
Rationing/Ration Books
Rationing was the way of limiting goods that were scarce during bad times. People used rationing books to buy their goods and keep up with how many good each person could possess so there would be enough to go around.
War Labor Board
The War Labor Board imposed ceiling on wage increases. They were rash of labor walkouts increased because of resentment of wage restrictions.
Office of War Mobilization
The Office of War Mobilization coordinated all government agencies. This was involved in the war effort, overseeing the production and distribution of consumer goods.
Office of War Information
The Office of War Information was created by the US government in 1942. The purpose was to review and approve the design and content of government posters.
Propaganda is fake news produced by the government for publicity. The opposite of propaganda is Yellow Journalism.
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps were camps created for anyone of Japanese descent. These people were forced into the camps, taken away from their life, jobs, homes, etc. The US was afraid of them spying on the US and telling secrets to Japan.
Executive Order 9066
This allowed the US to incarcerate the Japanese of Japanese-Americans. This was signed by FDR on February 19,1942.
Korematsu v. US
This was a protest of the Japanese and upheld by the supreme court in 1944. The decision made it constitutional.
Woman Power
WAACS- This stands for the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. This was the army, formed in 1942.
WAVES- This stands for the Women’s Appointed Volunteer Emergency Service.
SPARS- This is the United States Coast Guard Women’s Reserve.
Rosie the Riveter
Rosie the Riveter was a fictional character on a poster that encourage women to work during the war while the men were gone. She became a symbol.
Migration Shifts
Migration Shifts were created by major industries which was created by war industries. The South received a large amount of defense contracts.
Tuskegee Airmen
Tuskegee Airmen were African American men that fought in WWII. They trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field and got their education at Tuskegee University in Alabama.
Pacific Theater
The Pacific Theater was a theater of war during WWII between the Allies and Japan. This is where naval operations were held.
Bataan Death March
The Bataan Death March was the transfer of American and Filipino prisoners by the Japanese. The transfer began April 9, 1942 as a result of the three month Battle-of-Bataan.
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway was a battle after the attack on Pearl Harbor. This occurred between the 4th and 7th of June 1942.
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea was a battle between the Japanese Navy and the US Navy. This marked the first time aircraft carriers had contact with each other.
Island Hopping/Leapfrogging
Island Hopping/Leapfrogging is the strategy of gaining control over key islands. Jumping from one to the other, before Japan came.
Operation Torch
Operation Torch was the invasion by the United States of North Africa. This was the mass participation of US soldiers.
Erwin Rommel
Erwin Rommel was a general and theorist of Germany. He served as a Field Marshall during WWII.
D-Day/Operation Overlord
D-Day/Operation Overlord was fought to take Normandy away from Germany. This also occurred in Normandy, France.
Tehran, Iran
The meeting of FDR, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill was held in Tehran, Iran in the Soviet Union’s embassy. This lasted from November 28th to December 1st 1943.
Omaha Beach
Omaha Beach was one of the beaches of D-Day. This was the second from the west.
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference was the WWII meeting of the government of the United States. This is also commonly called the Crimea Conference and Argonaut Conference.
Election of 1944
The Election of 1944 was the 40th presidential election. This election was on November 7, 1944, during WWII.
Final Days of Hitler
Hitler and his wife both committed suicide. They were eventually cremated.
Anne Frank
Anne Frank was a German jewish that suffered during the Holocaust. She wrote a specific diary that gave us a idea of what life was like for individuals like her.
Holocaust/Final Solution
The Holocaust/Final Solution was the plan to execute all the Jews during WWII. The name was to justify the harsh things they were doing.
April 12, 1945
April 12, 1945 was a hurtful day for the entire nation. FDR died of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 63.
VE Day
VE Day stands for Victory Day in Europe. This was when the Germans surrendered on May 8, 1945.
Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
The Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa was a battle between the United States and the Japanese. This is also called the “Operation Detachment.”
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was around when the Cold War started. This lasted from July 17th until August 2nd, 1945.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the plan by the US to create the atomic bomb. It was called the ‘Manhattan Project’ because it was nowhere near Manhattan, get it?
August 6 1945
August 6, 1945 was the day the United States bombed two cities in Japan. This was during the final stage of the war.
August 9, 1945
August 9, 1945 was the day the United States bombed Japan for the second time. This was three days later of the first ones.
VJ Day
VJ Day stands for Victory over Japan Day. This was when the Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945
GI Bill
The GI Bill gave veterans assistance for being WW2 veterans. This is also known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944.
Kamikaze
Kamikaze were pilots from foreign countries that would commit suicide flying planes into warships. These planes were usually filled with explosives, etc.
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials in 1945
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials in 1945 were trials put in officials of Germany. Lots of the leadership got consequences for their actions toward the Jewish.