Abstract
Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG) is the symbol of the United Nations Secretariat; UNSG also is the one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader for the interests of the world's peoples. Nowadays, the world has changed dramatically. United Nations facing humanity in the 21st century, such as climate change, peace and security, gender equality, sustainable development, food production , refugee, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, human rights, governance, and etc. The challenges that United Nations facing today is refugee continuous increasing. Secretary-General will play his role—human resource to solve this problem. Secretary-General will manage human resource by dispatch peacekeeper to help refugee and send United Nations peacekeeper to provide some basic necessities for refugees such as food, water, clothes and sanitation. The second challenge is the human right. Human right is very important; it can protect human being and fundamental freedom of an individual. Secretary-General plays the role of peacekeeping, it is to stabilizing the situation on the ground and resolves the problems by using peaceful way. Peace and security are the third challenges that facing by United Nations. The roles of mediation and become good offices of the Secretary-General to prevent and the settlement the controversy by using peaceful way is and have been developed through extensive practice. Next, achievements of the successive Secretary-Generals. The first secretary-general of United Nations is Trygve Lie (Norway) from February 1946 until November 1952. The second secretary-general was Dag Hammarskjöld (April 1953 until September 196), and U Thant was the third Secretary-General from November 1962 until December 197. Javier Pèrez de Cuèllar (Peru), the fourth Secretary-General of United Nations who served from January 1982 until December 1991; Kurt Waldheim, the fifth Secretary-General served from January 1972 until December 1981. Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt), who held office from January 1992 until December 1996. The seventh Secretary-General of UN is Kofi Annan (Ghana) who held office from January 1997 until December 2006 while Mr. Ban is the current Secretary-General from 21 June 2011 and will continue to serve until 31 December 2016. Secretary-General is a very difficult job describe by the first Secretary General. Therefore, as a Secretary-General of United Nation must have qualities. The first quality they should have is knowledgeable and practical intelligence. They should glad what they have it when everything around them is always changing and continue to improve the quality of their work. The second quality of Secretary-General is professionalism. A good secretary will try to express his self or herself and behaves a good attitude in a professional manner. Honesty and Integrity are the qualities that Secretary-General should have. They should honesty and integrity so they can build up the strength of character that will allow them to be of great service to people and commonwealth.
Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….2-3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………5-6
Challenges the United Nations faces today …………………………………………..7-9
Achievements of Successive Secretary-General………………………………………10-11
Qualities and Discipline of Secretary-General………………………………………..12-13
Secretariat of United Nations…………………………………………………………14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….15
References……………………………………………………………………………..16-17
Introduction
The United Nations is an international organization that establishes in 1945 after World War II, but the organization has not adjusted to reflect the 21st century. It is currently constituted of 193 Member States. The mission of the United Nations is “we work to build a better world by strengthening and improving the United Nations through the engagement of people who share a global mindset and support international cooperation–global citizens” while the vision for United Nations are “a United Nations that is a powerful force in meeting common global challenges and opportunities.” . The Charter describes the Secretary-General is a "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, who shall act in that volume and perform "such other functions as are entrusted" to him or her by the Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other United Nations organs. The Charter gives the authority to the Secretary-General to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter by his opinion may intimidate the maintenance of international peace and security". The Secretary-General wouldn’t success if they did not take careful and concerns of Member States, but he must also adhere to the values and moral authoritativeness of the United Nations, act for peace even at the dangerous, from time to time, of challenging or disagreeing the same Member States.
General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat were established in 1945 when the United Nations was founded. All of them are the main organs of the United Nations. The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the United Nations. United Nations have around 193 Member States represented in the General Assembly. The membership of United Nations meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session and general debate in September every year. They will make decisions on important questions, such as peace and security, human right, refugee, and etc. The decisions of questions will follow the simple majority.
Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG) is the symbol of the United Nations Secretariat; UNSG also is the one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader for the interests of the world’s peoples, in particular, the poor and helpless among them. Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea is the current Secretary-General and took office on 1 January 2007 and the eighth occupant of the post.
Secretary-General issues a report on the work of the United Nations that evaluate its activities and outlines future priorities every year and the Chairman of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) brings together the Executive Heads of all United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies twice a year to further coordination and cooperation in the entire range of substantive and management issues that are facing the United Nations System.
Challenges the United Nations faces today
Nowadays, the world has changed dramatically. Charter have powers vested in its and unique international character, so the United Nations can take action on the issues that facing humanity in the 21st century, such as climate change, peace and security, gender equality, sustainable development, food production , refugee, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, human rights, governance, and etc.
Challenges that the world facing today is refugee continues increasing. Every people hope can live in a peaceful and bustling world because they will feel safe and secure in their homes and their communities. However, natural disasters will cause people lost their homes and devastates community when the war or civil unrest. This is the dilemma of the refugees and the internally displaced today. The population of refugee in the world has soared. The refugee agency is trying to help over 51 million people forced from their homes and displaced inside or outside their own country with the highest figure since the U.N. began collecting those data in the early 1950s. The United Nations humanitarian office is gripping a record of four top-level emergencies such as Ebola. In 2010, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) counted that the mid-1990s are the highest number which is 43.3 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, including 27.1 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), 983,000 asylum-seekers and15.2 million refugees. As a Secretary-General, the role that they should play is a human resource. The responsibilities of Secretary-general is hiring of under-secretaries for approximately fifty United Nations posts, including the heads of funds such as UNICEF and UNDP. An important aspect of the hiring process including lobbying from members and highlighting the secretary-general's role of negotiating with the Security Council and General Assembly to make sure the broad regional representation. Besides that, Secretary-General will manage human resource by dispatch peacekeeper to help refugee. United Nations peacekeeper will provide some basic necessities for refugee such as food, water, clothes and sanitation.
The second challenges that facing today is the human right. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, nationality, ethnicity, sex, language, religion, or another status. United Nations describe that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination such as age, disability, sexual harassment, retaliation and etc. To protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals, International human rights law lays down the responsibility of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts.
“Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom… Now, the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations…” – Preamble, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
United Nations establish human rights mechanisms to monitor the implementation of human rights standards worldwide, including the Human Rights Council. General Assembly establishes the Human Rights Council on 15 March 2006. The Council is made up of 47 State representatives and is tasked with enlargement the promotion and protection of human rights by addressing situations of human rights violations and making recommendations. The responsibility of Secretary- General is peacekeeping. The objective of United Nations peacekeeping is to stabilize situation on the ground and resolves the problems by using peaceful way. To sustainable development the institutions of governance by human rights monitoring and security sector reform, peacekeepers will assume a variety of complex tasks. Peacekeeper is very important; they help Secretary-General to maintenance peace of the world. If Secretary-General does not send out peacekeepers to solve the problems about human right, fundamental freedoms of human being will invasion and the world will become social upheaval.
Peace and security are the challenges that United Nations facing today. United Nation works effective to maintenance international peace and security in a world and trying hard to solve the global issues. The United Nation works to maintain international peace and security but the security threats have become more complex and several tragic cases where the United Nations has not been so successful. More than hundred thousand of people in the world have died because of this conflicts have recently mounted. To avoid the conflict that will affect the peace and security or the cost to address crisis situations continuous increasing, United Nations is trying to solve the challenges regarding how best to undertake amorphous movements or interrupt armed groups. Secretary-General will play their roles- mediation to solve the conflict. Mediation involves the secretary-general's role as a mediator between parties in conflict. To prevent and stop the spread of conflict, as the section of his "good offices" role, the secretary-general makes use independence and impartiality as the head of a global organization. The roles of mediation and become good offices of the Secretary-General to prevent and the settlement the controversy by using peaceful way is and have been developed through extensive practice. This will decrease the conflict that will affect the peace and security in the world.
Achievements of Successive Secretary-General
Under the Charter, the Secretary-General is entrusted by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Trygve Lie (Norway) was the first secretary-general of UN, who held office from February 1946 until November 1952. The second secretary-general was Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), who served from April 1953 and he death in a plane crash in Africa in September 1961; and U Thant from Burma and now Myanmar was the third Secretary-General, who served from November 1961 when he was formally appointed Secretary-General in November 1962 until December 197. Javier Pèrez de Cuèllar (Peru), the fourth Secretary-General of UN who served from January 1982 until December 1991; Kurt Waldheim from Austria, the fifth Secretary-General who held office from January 1972 until December 1981. Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt), who held office from January 1992 until December 1996. The seventh Secretary-General of UN is Kofi Annan (Ghana) who held office from January 1997 until December 2006 while Mr. Ban is the current Secretary-General from 21 June 2011 and will continue to serve until 31 December 2016.
The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General. The UN's first secretary-general is Trygve Halvdan Lie. On 1 February 1946, Mr. Lie was elected as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. At its 22nd meeting on 2 February 1946, he was formally installed by the General Assembly. On 1 November 1950, Mr. Lie continues the General Assembly in office for a further three years from 1 February 1951. In November 1952, Mr.Lie resigned as Secretary-General of the United Nations. From his observation, Trygve Halvdan Lie describes that secretary-general is the most difficult job in the world and it duplicate by most of his seven successors. Though U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the secretary-general's role as that of "world moderator," several years before the UN's creation, the United Nations charter refers to it as "chief administrative officer."
Kofi Annan, who came from Ghana is the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, he served from 1997 to 2006 and was the first to appear from the ranks of United Nations staff. Mr. Annan joined the United Nations system in 1962 as an administrative and budget officer with the World Health Organization (Geneva). Before Mr.Annan becoming Secretary-General, he was Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping and he also served as Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia (1995-1996) and facilitated the homecoming from Iraq of more than 900 international staff and other non-Iraqi nationals (1990). Kofi Annan, considered an activist, "world moderator"-style secretary-general, won a Nobel Prize for encouraging global cooperation for peace, but he was the structure for his management of the UN's Oil for Food program in Iraq.
Ban Ki-moon is the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations; he is the successors of Kofi Annan of Ghana. Mr. Ban is a South Korean statesman and politician. Mr. Ban took office on 1 January 2007. He was without opposition re-elected by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011 and will continue to serve until 31 December 2016. Mr. Ban is trying to mobilize world leaders around a set of new global challenges, energy, and water, from climate change and economic upheaval to pandemics and increasing pressures involving food. He tries to strengthen the Organization itself and become a bridge-builder to give voice to the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people.
Qualities of Secretary-General
As a Secretary-General of United Nation, they must knowledgeable and practical intelligence. In the Desiderata written by Max Ehrmann says, “Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans. Keep interested in your own career, however humble; it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time.” It advises Secretary-General must enjoy their achievements as well as their plans for the future. They should always stay interested in their own career. It is very important for them. As a Secretary-General, they should glad what they have it when everything around them is always changing. They should continue to accumulate knowledge and obtain new skills, especially in technology because it can improve the quality of their work. Besides that, Secretary-General should have the ability analysis data flow and able to search opportunities that can present themselves. The Secretary-General is not necessary to have to bring out good ideas, but they should be able to solve the critical or try to lower the risk.
The second quality of Secretary-General is professionalism. A good secretary will try to express his self or herself and behaves a good attitude in a professional manner. A successful professional Secretary- General will control their body language, behavior and try to improve their professional image. Human in the world always likes to judge a person by their appearance. "The problem with appearance is that it translates to performance," Nicole Williams, career expert at LinkedIn, tells Business Insider. "Even if your boss doesn't think that they're thinking any less of you, they will subconsciously think it." Proper grooming and professional appearance are important to give positive impression but also show that they are respected in the workplace. As a Secretary-General, people are always observing your behavior and forming theories about your character and commitment so behavior is very important to show their professional.
Honesty and Integrity are the qualities that Secretary-General should have. Honesty means someone’s moral character is positive and chaste attributes such as truthfulness, integrity, straightforwardness, trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere. Straightforwardness is the absence of lying, cheating and theft. If they are dishonest, this will damage their spirit and the relationships with others. As a Secretary-General of United Nations, they should honesty and integrity so they can build up the strength of character that will allow them to be of great service to people and commonwealth. Honesty and Integrity can also help to enhance their future opportunities.
Another quality of Secretary-general is resilience. Resilience means the ability of a nervous body to reinstate its size and shape after deformation caused by compressive stress. Trygve Halvdan Lie, the first Secretary-General of United Nations describe that secretary-general is the most difficult job in the world and it duplicate by most of his seven successors. This is full of stress. As a successful of Secretary-General, they should have the ability to overcome stress and have the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties from these situations and learning from the experience.
The quality should the Secretary-General have is moral courage. Moral courage means someone is courage to take action for moral reasons in spite of the risk of adverse consequences. Courage is the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, and pain without dread. Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary-General had shown moral courage. Former UN general secretary Kofi Annan on the passing of Nelson Mandela, he said: “The world has lost a visionary leader, a courageous voice for justice, and a clear moral compass. By showing us that the path to freedom and human dignity lies in love, wisdom and compassion or one another, Nelson Mandela stands as an inspiration to us all.
I shall never forget his expansive smile and gentle demeanor, nor his steely determination and wonderful sense of humor. I have lost a dear friend. While I mourn the loss of one of Africa’s most distinguished leaders, Madiba’s legacy beckons us to follow his example to strive for human rights, reconciliation and justice for all.”
Secretariat of United Nations
The Secretariat is international staffs that work in duty stations around the world and it is the main organs of the United Nation. Under the regular budget drawn from some 170 countries, the Secretariat has the staff of about 8,900. The Secretariat of United Nations is organized along departmental lines and each department or office having action and responsibility. To ensure organized work well as they carry out the work in offices of the Organization and duty stations around the world, each department or offices coordinate each other. Secretariat of United Nations also manages the programs and policies laid down by them. General Assembly entrusts Secretary-General on the suggestion of the Security Council for a five- year.
As international civil servants, the Secretary-General and their staff members rise to speak to the United Nations for their activities and pledge not to seek or receive any explain from any Government or outside authority. Each Member State assumes the responsibility to respect the merely international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and to refrain from seeking to affect them improperly in the discharge of their duties.
The duties that carried out by the Secretariat are changeable problems dealt with by the United Nations and these range from administering peacekeeping operations to intercede the international controversy, from surveying economic and social trends. The world's communications media informed by Secretariat staffs about the work of the United Nations and organize international conferences on issues of worldwide concern. Besides that, Secretariat staffs also the responsibility to interpret speeches and translate documents into the Organization's official languages.
Conclusion
During the Second World War on 1 January 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of United States in the Declaration coins the name "United Nations" when he representatives of 26 nations ensure their Governments would fight together against the Axis Powers. The mission of United Nation are to retain world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. United Nations is an international organization and it established on October 24, 1945; in the 20th century, United Nations become the second multipurpose international organization established that was worldwide in scope and membership. According to its Charter, the UN aims:
“ to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,…to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,…to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.”
The United Nations has divided into six principal organs. The main deliberative assembly is the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Secretariat, the United Nations Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice. The Secretariat is one of the main organs of the United Nation. It is an international staff working in duty stations around the world and carries out the Organization diverse day-to-day work. Secretariat’s head is the Secretary-General who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five- year, renewable term. Secretary-General plays important roles for United Nations. They help United Nations to maintain international peace and security, promoting human right, solve humanitarian problems, protect children and women, and etc. Secretary-General wills also developing a friendly relationship among countries by respect each other for the principles of human rights and self-determination of peoples.