Assignment details:
One of Shakespeare’s ‘history plays’, though sometimes categorised as a tragedy, Richard III is centred on the evil but charismatic, Richard of Gloucester and his rise to power. In a Shakespeare essay on this play, Richard would always be the central consideration and this question is no exception. However, this Shakespeare essay also requires you to consider the idea that there might, if not be good to be found in Richard, at least be a reason provided by Shakespeare for his behaviour.
Advice on answering this essay question:
In this Shakespeare essay, you should look carefully at the speeches where Richard interacts uniquely with the audience, making them co-conspirators, if you like. This draws the audience into Richard’s confidence and facilitates an understanding of how Richard can influence those around him.
You need to focus on key scenes in this Shakespeare essay, such as the seduction of Lady Anne (Act I, Scene ii) where having murdered her husband Richard is capable of persuading her to marry him. Richard’s potent sexuality seems to be inextricably linked in the play to his evil and in this way, although Shakespeare in no way diminishes his evil propensity it does show why others follow him and you should talk about this in your Shakespeare essay.
In the same way, your Shakespeare essay should address Richard’s disability, saying how Shakespeare uses this, how Richard speaks of it and how others do. Your Shakespeare essay should also consider whether Richard’s childhood degradation due to his disability might be connected with his evil nature (there is textual evidence of this as a possibility which you should cite).
Use the standard five paragraph format for this Shakespeare essay, i.e.:
- Introduction – addressing the question, stating your position and the methodology you will employ.
- Main body – three paragraphs taking a different aspect of the topic as outlined above for each, with strong, well-analysed textual evidence throughout.
- Conclusion – where you sum up your argument, perhaps suggesting that although Richard’s deeds are ‘wholly evil’ the man himself might not be.
Sample essay response:
Introduction
Shakespeare’s “Richard III,” often classified as one of his history plays but sometimes considered a tragedy, centers on the malevolent yet captivating Richard of Gloucester and his rise to power. Richard’s character is undoubtedly the focal point of the play, embodying the complexities of evil and ambition. However, a closer examination reveals that Shakespeare may provide reasons, if not justifications, for Richard’s behavior, inviting the audience to understand, if not condone, his actions. This essay will explore the multifaceted nature of Richard’s character by analyzing his interactions with the audience, his seduction of Lady Anne, and the influence of his physical deformity and childhood experiences on his evil nature.
Richard’s Interactions with the Audience
One of the most striking aspects of “Richard III” is Richard’s direct interaction with the audience. From the very beginning, Richard breaks the fourth wall, making the audience his confidants and co-conspirators. This technique draws the audience into his machinations, creating a complex relationship where they are both repelled by and complicit in his actions. In his opening soliloquy, Richard declares, “I am determined to prove a villain” (Act I, Scene i), openly revealing his intentions and inviting the audience to witness his cunning plans.
Richard’s charisma and rhetorical skill are evident in these soliloquies. He manipulates the audience’s perception, portraying himself as a victim of circumstance and physical deformity. By sharing his innermost thoughts, Richard creates a sense of intimacy and complicity, making the audience privy to his schemes. This manipulation extends to the other characters in the play, as Richard uses his wit and persuasive language to bend them to his will. Shakespeare’s use of direct address serves to humanize Richard, offering a glimpse into his motivations and creating a more nuanced portrayal of evil.
The Seduction of Lady Anne
One of the most compelling demonstrations of Richard’s manipulative prowess is his seduction of Lady Anne in Act I, Scene ii. Despite having killed her husband and father-in-law, Richard manages to woo her in a masterful display of psychological manipulation. This scene showcases Richard’s potent sexuality and charm, which are inextricably linked to his evil nature. His ability to turn Lady Anne’s grief and anger into reluctant acceptance highlights his skill in exploiting the emotions of others.
Richard’s success in seducing Lady Anne also serves to underscore his complex character. While his actions are undoubtedly wicked, the scene reveals a man driven by more than mere malice. Richard’s eloquence and determination reflect a deep-seated need for validation and control, suggesting that his villainy is, in part, a response to the scorn and rejection he has faced. By presenting Richard’s seduction of Lady Anne, Shakespeare illustrates how evil can be intertwined with charisma and intelligence, making Richard a more compelling and multi-dimensional character.
Richard’s Disability and Childhood
Richard’s physical deformity is a central aspect of his character and a recurring theme in the play. He refers to himself as “rudely stamped” and “deformed, unfinished” (Act I, Scene i), using his disability as both a justification for his actions and a means of eliciting sympathy. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Richard’s deformity raises questions about the impact of physical appearance on one’s identity and behavior.
The attitudes of other characters towards Richard’s disability further complicate his portrayal. Throughout the play, Richard is mocked and reviled for his appearance, which likely contributes to his deep-seated resentment and desire for revenge. This connection between Richard’s physical and psychological scars suggests that his evil nature may be, at least in part, a product of his experiences. Shakespeare provides textual evidence for this interpretation in Margaret’s curse, where she calls him a “bottled spider” and a “foul bunch-backed toad” (Act I, Scene iii), highlighting the societal contempt that has shaped his character.
Moreover, Richard’s references to his childhood hint at a life marked by degradation and exclusion. He speaks of being “cheated of feature by dissembling nature” (Act I, Scene i), implying a sense of betrayal and injustice that has fueled his ambition and ruthlessness. By exploring the interplay between Richard’s disability and his actions, Shakespeare invites the audience to consider the factors that contribute to the making of a villain, adding depth to Richard’s character.
Conclusion
In “Richard III,” Shakespeare presents a complex portrait of evil through the character of Richard of Gloucester. Richard’s direct interactions with the audience, his manipulative seduction of Lady Anne, and the influence of his physical deformity and childhood experiences all contribute to a nuanced depiction of villainy. While Richard’s deeds are unquestionably evil, Shakespeare provides insights into his motivations and the factors that have shaped his character. This multifaceted portrayal challenges the audience to consider the roots of Richard’s malice and the possibility that his actions, though reprehensible, are driven by a combination of personal trauma and societal rejection. Ultimately, “Richard III” offers a profound exploration of the nature of evil, compelling the audience to reflect on the complexities of human behavior and the forces that drive individuals to darkness.