Machiavelli begins his book by presenting his dedication with a letter to ‘the Magnificent Lorenzo Di Piero De’ Medici’, the ruler of Florence. In this dedication, Machiavelli points out that ‘wanting to present myself to your Magnificence with some testimony of my devotion towards you, the possession of mine that I love best and values most is my knowledge of the actions of great men’ knowledge that I have acquired from a continual study of antiquity’ (Bennett, 2010). He shortly explains his intention, which are the actions of great men and the principles of princely government. He also does this with the expectation of satisfactory and informing the Medici family about his knowledge. He offers this book as a gift to the ruler and his family. “The Prince” is unique, not because it explains how to take control of other lands and how to control them, but because it gives advice that often disregards all moral and ethical rules.
Machiavelli generally discusses the different types of principalities or states, and how to remain them. He then classifies the various kinds of states: republics, hereditary princedoms, brand-new princedoms, and mixed principalities.
Types of Principalities
In the first chapter, titled ‘Different kinds of principalities, and how to acquire them’, Machiavelli tries to make a classification of principalities. Machiavelli describes the different kinds of states, debating that all states are either republics or principalities. Principalities can be divided into hereditary principalities and new principalities. New principalities are either completely new or new additions to existing states. By fortune or strength, a prince can acquire a new principality with his own army or with the arms of others.
Hereditary Principalities
The second chapter focuses on hereditary principalities. Machiavelli notes that it is easier to govern a hereditary state than a new principality for two main reasons. First, those under the rule of such states are familiar with the prince’s family and are therefore accustomed to their rule. The natural prince has to keep past institutions untouched while adapting these institutions. Second, the natural tendency of subjects in a hereditary state is to love the ruling family. Here, Machiavelli argues a key point in terms of a people’s desire for change: ‘And in the antiquity and continuity of the government,’ he writes, ‘people forget not only the reasons for innovations but their very existence, because every new change provides a footing to build on another.’ (Bennett, 2010).
Political Realism and Pragmatism
Machiavelli’s political theory is often associated with political realism, a theory that suggests the practice of politics should be grounded in pragmatic and practical considerations, rather than moral or ethical ones. Political realism is predicated on the notion that the actions of a state or leader must be primarily concerned with power and survival rather than moral imperatives. Machiavelli’s advice to rulers often reflects this principle, as he frequently recommends actions that may be deemed ruthless or unscrupulous but are necessary for maintaining power and stability. For instance, he famously asserts that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved if he cannot be both, emphasizing the need for authority and control over popular affection (Machiavelli, 1513).
Virtù and Fortuna
Central to Machiavelli’s analysis are the concepts of virtù and fortuna. Virtù, in the Machiavellian sense, refers to a range of qualities a ruler must possess to maintain power and achieve success, including bravery, wisdom, shrewdness, and decisiveness. This concept contrasts with the traditional moral virtue and is more about the ruler’s ability to shape his destiny against the forces of fortune. Fortuna represents the unpredictable elements of life that can affect human affairs. Machiavelli argues that while fortune controls half of human actions, the other half is subject to human influence, thus underlining the importance of virtù in overcoming the capricious nature of fortuna (Machiavelli, 1513).
Maintaining Power in New Principalities
When discussing new principalities, Machiavelli delves into the strategies a new prince must employ to maintain power. He notes that new principalities often face more challenges than hereditary ones because the new ruler must establish his authority over previously independent subjects. This task often requires the prince to employ both virtù and fortuna strategically. Machiavelli suggests various methods, such as eliminating the previous ruling family, residing in the new territory to manage affairs directly, and establishing new administrative structures to consolidate power. He also discusses the use of cruelty and benevolence, arguing that well-applied cruelty, executed in a single stroke, can be more effective and less damaging in the long run than continuous minor acts of cruelty (Machiavelli, 1513).
Cesare Borgia: A Case Study
Cesare Borgia, a prominent figure during the Italian Renaissance, serves as a case study in “The Prince” for Machiavelli’s theories. Borgia’s actions exemplify the principles of virtù and the pragmatic application of power. Machiavelli praises Borgia for his political acumen, his ability to manipulate fortune, and his ruthless efficiency in securing his position. Borgia’s strategies, such as his swift and decisive actions against enemies and his use of deception, are highlighted as effective means of maintaining power. Machiavelli uses Borgia’s example to illustrate that the successful prince must be willing to act immorally when necessary to preserve the state (Machiavelli, 1513).
The Role of the Military
Machiavelli also emphasizes the importance of a strong military in maintaining a principality. He advocates for a prince to have his own army composed of his subjects or citizens, rather than relying on mercenaries or auxiliary troops. Mercenaries, he argues, are unreliable and motivated by personal gain rather than loyalty to the prince, while auxiliary troops are loyal to another ruler and thus pose a significant risk. A prince’s own army ensures direct control and loyalty, which are crucial for maintaining power and defending the state. Machiavelli’s emphasis on a strong military reflects his broader view that the stability and security of a state are paramount and must be preserved at all costs (Machiavelli, 1513).
The Balance of Fear and Love
Machiavelli’s assertion that it is better to be feared than loved, if one cannot be both, encapsulates his pragmatic approach to governance. He argues that fear is a more reliable means of maintaining control because it does not waver like love, which can be fickle and conditional. However, he also warns against being hated, as this can lead to rebellion. The balance a prince must strike is to inspire enough fear to maintain authority without engendering hatred. This delicate balance reflects Machiavelli’s broader theme of the prince as a shrewd manipulator of human emotions and perceptions, always aiming to secure his position and the stability of his state (Machiavelli, 1513).
Political Ethics and Machiavellianism
The term “Machiavellian” has come to describe political behavior characterized by cunning, duplicity, and a focus on pragmatic over ethical considerations. Machiavelli’s work has been interpreted as advocating for the ruthless pursuit of power, often at the expense of traditional moral values. This interpretation has sparked significant debate among scholars regarding the ethical implications of Machiavelli’s advice. Some argue that Machiavelli is a realist, merely describing the harsh realities of political life, while others contend that he endorses a cynical and amoral approach to governance. Regardless of interpretation, Machiavelli’s insights into power dynamics and statecraft have had a lasting impact on political theory and practice (Skinner, 1978).
Conclusion
Machiavelli’s “The Prince” remains a seminal work in political theory, offering insights into the nature of power, leadership, and human behavior. By presenting a pragmatic approach to governance that often disregards conventional moral and ethical considerations, Machiavelli challenges readers to reconsider the complexities of political leadership. His emphasis on virtù and fortuna, the pragmatic use of fear and love, and the necessity of a strong military underscore the multifaceted strategies required to maintain power. Through his analysis of different types of principalities and the practical advice offered to rulers, Machiavelli provides a timeless exploration of the intricacies of statecraft and the enduring quest for political stability.
In summary, Machiavelli’s treatise serves as both a guide for rulers seeking to maintain power and a profound reflection on the nature of political authority. By dissecting the mechanisms of power and offering pragmatic advice, “The Prince” continues to resonate with contemporary discussions on leadership, ethics, and the role of the state. As such, it remains an essential text for understanding the enduring complexities and challenges of political governance.