The Civil War
In the 1793-1830’s the United States had two major different types of states. The one type of state was the free-state which would be known as the North. Those states included Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York and Rhode Island. The following states were known for being more factorial work place, these states were more industrialized than the South. Instead of using human hands and labor the Northern states used machinery. Having the North replace human labor with machines meant that slavery was not needed. However, in the South the demand for cotton arise between 1790- 1860. This demand led to the increase of slavery, from 700,000 slaves in the late 1790’s to 4.5 million slaves in the 1860s. To divide the North and South states, the United States adopted the Mason- Dixon line in 1779 created by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. When the Northwestern Ordinance of 1787 which organize the Ohio valley into five new territories, which could be up for statehood. The conflict here would be rather or not the states should be free or slave states. This ordinance would eventually lead to the Cold War between the South and the North. During this period there was tension between the North and the South, because the nation as a whole wanted there to be a balance. This conflict would be solved by the Missouri Compromises of 1820, or so the nation thought. Conflict broke out between the states, both states wanted to be the majority states, this lead to violence which lead to the Civil War.
The increased demand of cotton in the Great Britain and in the Northern states of the U.S, was the reason of the plantations of cotton and tobacco in the U.S South. These states included to Southern states – Virginia, South and North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri and Texas. The south was great to produce those products because of the rich soil. The demand of those products led to labor demands as well. So they started bringing more slaves and using them as a labor. In 1793 there was 700,000 slaves and it grew up to 4.5 million in 1860. Cotton production per year rose from 1000 tons in 1790 to 1 million tons in 1860, which was 75% was exported to England. In the north, the Free-Northern states was more industrialized so they did not need the slaves. The northern states had machines at which were used to replace slavery, to operate these machines the northern states used wage labor. This led to the transformation from an agrarian to industrial society. The farmers and peasants turned into urban dwellers and industrial workers. Because they paid for labor, the slaves wanted to come from the south to the north. This lead to underground railroad passage, and many of run away slaves trying to make a living in the North.
The North and South had opposite views in the National Economic System, the North was more of capitalist. The North practiced the work of the Wealth of Nations, the North was more industrialized, they had more of a commercial agriculture. Thomas Jefferson was from the South (Virginia) and Alexander Hamilton was from New York. Jefferson was more about he concerned of the farming republic and the virtue of the yeoman farmer. He’d paid more attention to Commercial Agriculture. Whereas, on the other side you have Alexander Hamilton, the English industrial model, he believes in the National Bank such as the Tariffs and Internal improvements. Tariff was not favor by the South because it made buying their goods more difficult. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 Gradual reduction of tariff. The Southern planters and slave owners invoke rights of the state.
Dealing with the division of the States, the first adopted idea was the Mason- Dixon line of 1779, this line was the first dividing slave and free states. The division was the answer to the dispute about Pennsylvania and Maryland, these states were divided in the 40-degree parallel. The free states were North of the Dixon line and the slave states South of the Dixon line, the slave holding South was known as the “Dixie”.
Right after the Mason-Dixon line division, the United States took another step towards trying to solve the tension between the states, the Great Compromise of 1787. This was supposed to give an equal representation for the states for Congress, such as the Senate and for the House of Representatives. The equal representation was in great importance to the House mainly, because house based number amount of members on population of the States. Which was under the compromises 1 representative per 40,000 people. However, the conflict in the House was the fact that it was under a 3/5 clause which made the Southerners disproportional in power. After the Great Compromise the states were not equal in Congress, which led to Cold War. With the settling of new territories bought by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States started moving West. It came to question rather or not the new Western states bought by the purchase should be counted as free or slave states. Louisiana was thereby admitted as a slave state in 1812, slave territories were Arkansas and Missouri. When Missouri applied for statehood there was a concern that Missouri would upset the Balance of Power since there were equal slave and non-slave states.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820, this compromise was supposed to be the balance between the Southern slave states and the Free- Northern states. The Talmadge Amendment was created by James Talmadge who was a representative from New York, this amendment wanted to limit slavery in Missouri, this brought up tensions in the Congressional Debate. Questions arise such as if Missouri should be a slave state. To keep the peace, Congress created a two part compromise, granting Missouri’s request to enter as a slave state. However, to keep the balance the of free states and slave states the Union need to established a free state. This state will be Maine as a free state. The compromise was criticized by majority of the Southerners, because it established the principle the Congress could make laws regarding slavery. However, Northerners on the other hand condemned it for acquiescing in the expansion of slavery. This help to hold the union together.
The slaves protested in the South, because the working conditions and bad treatment. It led to different groups against slavery, Abolitionist. Pennsylvania was the home of Abolitionism. There were the black abolitionists, such as The society for the relief of free Negros Unlawfully Held in Bondage. Fredrick Douglass was well-known black abolitionist, he was a runaway slave and he escaped from Maryland, he was an anti-slavery lecturer. There were also white abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison from Boston, he went to jail because of the Anti-slavery newspaper called the Liberator. In Garrison Newspaper he discussed the corruption of slavery, and he rejected any compromises with slavery. He felt that slaves are actual people and deserve to have their actual rights instead of treating them like property. Garrison called for the abolition of slavery without compensation. Garrison was such a threat to the Southern slave states that the state of Georgia offered 5,000 dollars to have him capture. In New England there was the Anti-slavery societies that would give out one million pamphlets and mention the ban on slavery in District of Columbia, the end of Domestic Slave Trade, and the ban of new slave states this lead to 500,000 petitions to congress in 1838. The most popular slave trade was the triangular slave trade, which the slaves would be place in shipment boats that had little to no room for the slaves to breathe. Great numbers of slaves were murdered and killed by these conditions before they could even make land to the states.
The abolitionist movement of the 1830s increase sectional divisions. First the wide-spread opposite to slavery emerged in the North. The religious movement of roots of abolitionism, there was two religious awakenings that happen over time. The Second great awakening dealing with religion, “the second coming of Christ”, there was this notion of the need for social reform, to purified society. Slavery was looked at as a bad thing, it was a sin and morally wrong.
Although the Northern states had their Abolitionist, the Southerners rejected the religious ideas of those abolitionist. Southerners slave owners believed that owning slaves was apart of the bible, and that it is kind of a way God wanted it to be, so they are not doing anything wrong. The change in the Economic system took a role in the abolitionism movement, the rise of Adam Smith Capitalism and the industrial revolution. The First Industrial Revolution in the US, free labor and markets and democracy. Slavery was becoming an obstacle to free labor, slavery labor was actually more expensive then wage labor. The reason being was because slavery limits internal markets in the US. (2.5 million slaves in 1830 can turn into 2.5 million new consumers). Slavery stood against the democratic ideals of liberty. Southerners opposed emancipation on the economic ground, slave owners made claims that it took away their private property rights, and poor whites did not want to compete with 2.5 million blacks for jobs in a free-labor economy.
The coming of the civil war is emerging violence is breaking out over Kansas and the division over the Nebraska Territory. Northern Congressmen are trying to ban slavery from Nebraska Territory in 1853. The Kansas- Nebraska act of 1854 was supposed to be the solution of the conflict because it split the Nebraska territory in two, Kansas would be the settlers, and Nebraska would be the free. In 1855 Elections in Kansas stirred up conflict, Missouri slave power intervenes in Kansas border, and casted phony votes. The creation of two governments in Kansas, 1. The Pro slave constitution and 2. The Free-settlers set up gov’t in Topeka in 1856, both of them claims to be legitimacy. This lead to violence breakout in Kansas, pro-slavery ruffians raid free soilers in Kansas, 1856. Irresponsible Agitators, bleeding Kansas, the murderers of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas, and the beating of Charles Sumner in Congress who called slavery a Sinful Harlot.
The political party rise conflict as well, such as the rise of the Republic party, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. The Northern advocates form of political party that was against slavery. The Republican party (1854) abolitionist, free-soilers and Northern democrats. Abraham Lincoln would give abolitionist speeches. The Republican Party’s platform lean more towards an anti-slavery agenda. Republicans viewed slavery as immoral and prohibit the expansion of slavery into all western territories, they oppose the admission of new slave state and forced the ultimate extinction of slavery. The Republican party was more of a Northern state ideal party, they had the same morals that the party did. However, the South opposes the Republican party. Stephan Douglass was in the democratic party, which was the mostly favorite by the South. The Southerners viewed the Republican party as revolutionary organization, because it threatened their way of life and their property rights. The interesting fact here is that the Southern States threaten with secession even before Lincoln won the presidential election.
The Civil War lasted (1860-65) slaves-states perceive the beginning of a Northern Revolution, initiate a counter-revolution. South Carolina decided to seceded from the Union and the appeals to the state right philosophy to leave the union. This lead to the formation of the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy- South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama and Texas. The President of the Confederate states was Jefferson Davis. The Spark of war, was the issue of the Federal forts in the Confederate States, Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The Confederate states were known for their great military skills under the rule Robert E. Lee, and the General which led the Union to victory. De-centralization hindered the confederacy’s ability to coordinate the war efforts. Such state’s rights, A.) inability to raise funds through taxes confederate states resisted taxation B.) inability to pass conscription laws, the confederate states fought on their own. The South lacked sufficient crop-consumption agriculture and inefficient transportation system. There was limited railroad lines available the south had 9,500 miles vs. 22,000 miles for the North.
The conflict about the South was about the mobility. The South was not such exposed to railroad tracks as much as the North was. Because they did not have the mobility like the North did they were unable to transport weapons, gun powder, bullets, soldiers, or any aid such as nurses or food. The South was running out of military personals, the South refused to use slaves for military purposes. The reason for that was because the South feared that the slaves would have rebellion. General Grant and Sherman occupied Richmond, Virginia this led to General Lee surrendering in Virginia on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse. The reflections of the civil war, one million soldier perished. 600,000 casualties on the confederacy, and 400,000 in the union. The South lost one fourth of its male population, it was a devastation of the Southern economy and culture.
In conclusion, the Civil War will serve as a learning ground for America. The states had power to seceded. This was the bloodiest war on America’s soil, it served as a symbol, of what actions man are capable of doing when the nation is not united. The Civil War created many new laws and amendments, such as the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted all national born in the United States with citizenship and equal rights. Meaning that no citizen could be denied their national born rights based on color, race, or religion. The Fifteenth Amendment which granted all citizens the right to vote. However, just because African Americans were granted with equal rights, that does mean that they were treated equally. Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal doctrine” blacks would be continuing to be treated less than a Caucasian citizenship. In other cases, some claims that without a civil war US country could still be viewing blacks and other race people secondary citizen.
Industrial Revolution
The first US industrial revolution was in 1816-1840. The industrial revolution started first from Europe and Great Britain in 1750s when Britain initiated the mechanization of production. After that it came to the United states. The industrial revolution means the change from hand-made human production to machinery and factory production. Machines and industrial concentration allowed mass production and this way a lot more efficient production. The first important inventions were weaving machines and cotton gins. The machines operated first by water but later water was replaced, when steam engines was invented. The transportation improved also when railroads and steamboats were invented. The industrialization resulted in the rise of standard of living and created more wealth because of the technology development. The factories still needed labor to keep the machines working. Through industrialization emerged the transformation from an agrarian society to industrial society, this meant that farmers and peasants turned into urban dwellers industrial workers. It resulted to rise of large industrial cities and the wage-labor. Wage-labor was used to run the factories. Before that people mainly produced their own products at home, but now they could get money from working, and buy their own goods. Because of wage-labor there was a rise of the middle class.
The industrialization led to increased demand of cotton, because the production was more effective with these new inventions. The cotton gin was an important machine that separated cotton seeds from fiber much faster. This increased demand required more labor for the Sothern’s plantations and they had to bring more slaves in which later led to Civil War. The Industrial Revolution had great importance to the economic development of the United States. It helped America’s growth greatly, it truly changed the American society. The Industrial Revolution had great importance to the economic development of the United States.
King Cotton
The rise of king cotton was 1793-1830. It started from the Industrial Revolution in the Great Britain and in the Northern states of U.S. This industrialization increased the demand of cotton significantly. After the invention of cotton gin, cotton production rose from 1000 tons to 1 million tons in 1790-1860. Earlier tobacco was the dominant cash crop in the agricultural economy of the South US but then cotton surpassed it. Cotton became to be the most exported product. It exceeded over half of the total U.S exports. The cotton was produced by Southern planters in the South US. The 75% of the produced cotton was exported to Great Britain. The demand of cotton led to the demand of labor as well. They started bringing more and more slaves to do work in the plantations. Disagreement of slavery eventually led to Civil War.
When the cotton rose to one of the most important product in the economy. Southern states wanted to get all gain of that so they wanted to control exports, and they made an embargo to Great Britain. By this make an independent Confederacy economically prosperous. The Southern states’ merchants refused to ship out cotton. They wanted to harm British clothing industrial by not giving the cotton for that. And by this they hoped to get help from Great Britain and France in Civil War, because their industrial economies depended on Southern cotton. Explaining the term King cotton can be described as a strategy that used during Civil War.
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