Essay: A Study on Understanding specific needs in health and social care

1. Perceptions of health, disability, illness and behavior
1.1 Concepts of health, disability, illness and behavior in relation to the users of health and social care
There are different terms and concepts relating to the health and social care service. Concepts relating to the health and social care service should be clear to the health and social care service provider or the employees of health and social service foe doing their job in a perfect way. Moreover, they should make the users of health and social care conscious and make them behave in a certain and target manner. The misconceptions and misunderstandings relating to the concepts like health, disability, illness, and behavior may harm the objectives of the health and social care service (Emerson, (1992). With reference to the views of the health and social care service users the concepts of health, disability, illness and behavior are explained here.
Health
Generally health means the mental and physical well being of a person. According to World Health Organization (WHO) health is defined as ”A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
(www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3591s1a/tsld016.htm)
It indicates the total good feeling of a person and of course the absence of disease (Mechanic, 1962). But, some people mean health as the absence of disease. That’s why the person in this situation can be stated as healthy person.
Disability
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines persons with disabilities as: ‘those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, (n.d). Disability is thus not just a health problem. It is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives (Jennings, 1986). Overcoming the difficulties faced by people with disabilities requires interventions to remove environmental and social barriers (Bouras, 1999a).
Illness
Illness is a subjective matter that may vary from person to person on the basis of personal perception and emotion (Emerson, (1992). However, the concept of illness plays important role to diagnose disease and sickness. Illness behavior is defined as the manner in which persons monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial action, and use the health-care system and various other sources of help (Emerson, (1992).
1.2 How perceptions of specific needs have changed over time
The world is advancing towards a newer world. The values, beliefs and need of the people are changing accordingly. Hence, the perceptions of specific needs have changed significantly over time. Persons with specific needs may be more vulnerable to deprivation, harm, exploitation, abuse and violation than other people in a community. If the consequences of their vulnerability are not recognized and addressed, it can have serious, sometimes life-threatening consequences for their physical and/or psychological health, and can have a significant impact on their well-being and ability to access their basic human rights (Emerson, (1992). Sometimes it happens that the persons with specific needs may not have access to the required communication channel to the Persons with specific needs may not have access to appropriate communication channels to make their needs known. Likewise they may be unable to speak out due to age, disability, stigma or fear. They may be unable to make their needs known or voice a complaint when they do not have the assistance and protection that they require.
The perceptions of specific needs of the people have changed due to the following reasons-
‘ The changing social customs and trends have significantly changed the perception of specific needs of the people
‘ The philosophical changes of the people have made the matter of the perception of specific needs of the people changeable over the time.
1.3 Analysis of the impact of legislation, social policy, society and culture on the ways that services are made available for individuals with specific needs
There are a lot of impact of legislation, social policy, society and culture on the services made available to the users of health and social care with specific needs (Emerson, (1992).
The factors like these make the environment of health and social care service for the people with specific needs. The impacts are analyzed in the following points:
Impacts of Legislation
The legislation of the country or an environment prepares the services available for individuals with specific needs. If the legislation tries to ensure the existence of health and social care for the people with specific needs, then the environment of a certain area will be certainly blessed with services available for the people with specific needs (Mechanic, 1978).
Social policy
The social policy of any society is to a great extend responsible for ensuring the services available for the people with specific needs. The social policy means the social norms, values and other things that are made mandatory for the society and its peace.
Impact of society and culture
The impact of society and culture cannot be ignored regarding the services available for the people with specific needs (Mechanic, 1978). The culture of a society to provide people with specific needs build the possibility of possessing services for the people with specific.
2. How health and social care services and systems support individuals with specific needs
2.1 Analysis of the care needs of individuals with specific needs
Extra and intensive care should be taken for the people with specific needs because these people are most likely to be deprived and oppressed. These people do not actually get what they need. Hence, the people related to health and social care should be c concerned regarding them.
To address their situation a two-fold approach is required as suggested by Mechanic (1978)-
‘ It is important that all programmes and activities are designed in a way that takes into account the presence of groups with specific needs and integrates their concerns. Protection of groups with specific needs is ‘mainstreamed.’
‘ A targeted response may be needed to ensure protection in accordance with their vulnerabilities and needs. This may be through community-based activities or individual referrals.
2.2 Current systems for supporting individuals with specific needs
The individuals with specific needs should be supported for the betterment of the people and the society. As we know that the people with specific needs are generally deprived of the common and legal facilities of the society. Hence, extra arrangement should be made to make social care system and facilities to be available for them. The current systems for the people with specific needs are as follow-
Advice and guidance
The current system for supporting individuals with specific needs provides advice and guidance for the betterment of the mental and physical health of the users of health and social care. The advices are provided to the people of high age. The children and immature people with specific needs are supported by the necessary guidance.
Counseling
Counseling is an important phase of health and social care. The people with specific needs sometimes need counseling for encouraging them and to increase their confidence. However, sometimes people suffer from mental disorder and face problem in their normal life. The current health and social care system provide these people with counseling and other related services.
Personal development program
The current health and social care system provide people with specific needs with further facilities and services that bring them to a good condition to adjust with society in a normal and convenient way. However, personal development programs are also arranged for the betterment of the people with specific needs.
2.3 Evaluation of the services available in a chosen locality for individuals with specific needs
The health and social care services available in a certain locality and a place is an important indicator for the assessment of the standard of living in a certain locality. Hence the evaluation of the health and social care services available in a certain locality or area is important. Moreover, the evaluation of the services available in a certain area or locality can easily interpret the necessities and the requirements of the locality to turn it into a better place to live in for the individuals with specific needs. Changes and improvements can be recommended on the basis of the evaluation.
We have selected the locality of eastern London for our assessment of the services available in a certain area and locality-
Advices and guidance
The selected locality is blessed with possible all kinds of services and care system. In the area advices and guidance are available for the individuals with specific needs. The individuals who are suffering from any kind of problems like learning, mental or other are encouraged to get the necessary help from the health and social care practioners and from the health and social care centers (Ager and May, 2001). The system is also proved to be helpful to the users of the health and social care users with specific needs.
Counseling
The selected locality is seen to provide the users of health and social care services that are with specific needs. The counseling services are provided to the people and individuals to cope and adjust with the society in a better and convenient way (Ager and May, 2001). Moreover, the counseling services are also helpful for the people with specific needs to get over their physical problem and also to recover their mental and sometimes their physical barriers.
Personal development program
The personal development program is also a part of the health and social care system that are for the individuals with specific needs (Ager and May, 2001). Moreover, the personal development program initiated by the health and social care system is also helpful for the individuals with specific needs to get rid of the obstacles and barriers of the society and establish themselves as perfect and complete human being out of their disabilities and incapability.
3. Approaches and intervention strategies that support individuals with specific needs
3.1 The approaches and interventions available to support individuals with specific needs
Disability may be seen as a ‘punishment’ within a family or community leading to the ostracism and marginalization of adults and children with disabilities (Hewett, 2012).
Here are some of the approaches and interventions available for the individuals with specific needs to help them as suggested by National Autistic Society-
Alternative and Augmentative Communication
Alternative and Augmentative Communication is any form of communication that people use if they are unable or unwilling to use standard forms of communication such as speech.
Behavioral and developmental interventions
Behavioral and developmental interventions include a large and diverse range of educational strategies, programs and techniques ‘ including most forms of teaching and coaching.
Biomedical interventions
‘Biomedical’ is a very loose term that means different things to different people. In practice, most people use the term to refer to a group of interventions which are designed to stop, or at least reduce, the effect of biomedical problems ‘ such as gastrointestinal abnormalities, immune dysfunctions, detoxification abnormalities, and/or nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.
Health and service-based interventions
Standard healthcare services are designed to maintain the health and well-being of individuals with autism and include a wide range of treatments and therapies which are accepted and used by the majority of health care professionals. Service-based interventions include interventions supporting people with autism in education, employment, and social care services.
Motor and sensory interventions
Motor and sensory intervention approach uses motor to bring back the sensory feelings in the autistic body and make a person able to do some constraint job.
Social stories and comic strip conversations
These types of approach increase understanding among autistic people and the social care service provider.
Moreover, simple technical interventions can have a positive impact on helping to meet the needs and rights of people with physical disabilities:
‘ handles at convenient heights on latrine doors
‘ Bars and support rails to hold onto around shelter and in washing areas
‘ A cushion to support a correct sitting position
‘ a shady and comfortable sitting spot close to a shelter block, allowing easy access to and contact with the wider community
‘ A path which allows wheelchair access.
(Jennings, 1986)
3.2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention strategies for an individual with specific need(s)
The intervention strategies are important for the individuals with specific needs. Hence, the effectiveness of the intervention strategies should be proved to be helpful and useful for the implementation of the intervention strategies (Jennings, 1986). Therefore, evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention strategies play important role for the overall success of the strategies.
A screening app for autism
The screening app for autism has proved to be helpful for the children with autism. Hence, we can say that the system and strategy is effective.
Behavioral and developmental interventions
the behavioral strategies for the individual with specific needs has also proved to be helpful for the individuals with specific needs by implementing educational and other development interventions (Jennings, 1986).
Biomedical interventions
The biomedical intervention strategies have been found to be successful for the individuals with specific needs. These intervention strategies help overcome biomedical problems like-gastrointestinal abnormalities, immune dysfunctions, detoxification abnormalities, and/or nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.
Health and service-based interventions
The health and service-based interventions are proved to be helpful for the people with specific needs in the areas of education, employment and other related activities.
3.3 The potential impact of emerging developments on support for individuals with specific needs
In our established social norms the individuals with specific needs are bereft of many social rights and privileges. Hence, the health and social care centers should be conscious and active regarding this facts and situations (Benson, 1990). The activeness of the social and health care workers can reduce the problems and bad conditions of the individuals with specific needs.
However, some potential development and improvement on the support for the individuals with specific needs are encouraged for the total well being of the society (Benson, 1990). These development and changes will have a great impact on the total services of the health and social care.
Moreover, the potential impacts of the emerging development on the support for the individuals with specific needs are as follow-
‘ The individuals with specific needs will be benefited by both physically and mentally.
‘ The society will be benefited by the participation of a large group of the society.
‘ The individuals with specific needs will get employment opportunities and other related services.
‘ The individuals with specific needs will be educated and will contribute in the socio-economic development of the country (Benson, 1990).
4. Understand strategies for coping with challenging behaviors associated with specific needs
4.1 Different concepts of challenging behavior
Challenging behavior (also known as behaviors which challenge services) is defined as “culturally abnormal behavior(s) of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behavior which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities” (Emerson,1995).
Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, head butting, biting, scratching), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, head butting, screaming, scratching others, spitting, biting, punching, kicking), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking or echolalia) (Emerson,1995).
4.2 The potential impact of challenging behavior on health and social care organizations
The challenging behaviors of the users of the health and social care create obstacles for the health and social care organizations to cope with and adjust. The health workers are in a problem to cope with these problems. Moreover, these challenging behaviors of the users of health and social care keep them aloof from the services of the health and social care. Hence, the health specialists fear the risks of the health workers to do their job in a rather comfort and convenient way (Emerson, 1995). The potential impact on the challenging behaviors of the health and social care organizations are as follow-
‘ The organizations may think over and over again to do their jobs
‘ The health worker may feel problems to cope with the challenging behaviors of the patients and the users of the health and social care
‘ The health workers may feel demotivated due to the challenging behaviors of the patients
4.3 Analysis of the strategies for working with challenging behaviors associated with specific needs
The people with specific needs are the major concern of the health and social care services of UK. Hence, different strategies and policies should be taken up to ensure the fulfillment of the necessities related to the individuals with specific needs (Emerson, 1995). Moreover, the challenging behavior4s of the individuals with specific needs may turn up against the health and social workers (Allen, 1999b). Therefore, the above mentioned strategies and approaches for working with challenging behaviors of the patients and users of the health and social care has following impacts-
‘ The strategies are seen to be successful in most cases
‘ Some of the aspects of the strategies should be improved and adjusted with the needs of the changing society
‘ The strategies should be friendlier to both patients and health workers.
‘ The focus of the strategies should be the patients and then the worker
1. Perceptions of health, disability, illness and behavior
1.1 Concepts of health, disability, illness and behavior in relation to the users of health and social care
There are different terms and concepts relating to the health and social care service. Concepts relating to the health and social care service should be clear to the health and social care service provider or the employees of health and social service foe doing their job in a perfect way. Moreover, they should make the users of health and social care conscious and make them behave in a certain and target manner. The misconceptions and misunderstandings relating to the concepts like health, disability, illness, and behavior may harm the objectives of the health and social care service (Emerson, (1992). With reference to the views of the health and social care service users the concepts of health, disability, illness and behavior are explained here.
Health
Generally health means the mental and physical well being of a person. According to World Health Organization (WHO) health is defined as ”A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
(www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3591s1a/tsld016.htm)
It indicates the total good feeling of a person and of course the absence of disease (Mechanic, 1962). But, some people mean health as the absence of disease. That’s why the person in this situation can be stated as healthy person.
Disability
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines persons with disabilities as: ‘those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, (n.d). Disability is thus not just a health problem. It is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives (Jennings, 1986). Overcoming the difficulties faced by people with disabilities requires interventions to remove environmental and social barriers (Bouras, 1999a).
Illness
Illness is a subjective matter that may vary from person to person on the basis of personal perception and emotion (Emerson, (1992). However, the concept of illness plays important role to diagnose disease and sickness. Illness behavior is defined as the manner in which persons monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial action, and use the health-care system and various other sources of help (Emerson, (1992).
1.2 How perceptions of specific needs have changed over time
The world is advancing towards a newer world. The values, beliefs and need of the people are changing accordingly. Hence, the perceptions of specific needs have changed significantly over time. Persons with specific needs may be more vulnerable to deprivation, harm, exploitation, abuse and violation than other people in a community. If the consequences of their vulnerability are not recognized and addressed, it can have serious, sometimes life-threatening consequences for their physical and/or psychological health, and can have a significant impact on their well-being and ability to access their basic human rights (Emerson, (1992). Sometimes it happens that the persons with specific needs may not have access to the required communication channel to the Persons with specific needs may not have access to appropriate communication channels to make their needs known. Likewise they may be unable to speak out due to age, disability, stigma or fear. They may be unable to make their needs known or voice a complaint when they do not have the assistance and protection that they require.
The perceptions of specific needs of the people have changed due to the following reasons-
‘ The changing social customs and trends have significantly changed the perception of specific needs of the people
‘ The philosophical changes of the people have made the matter of the perception of specific needs of the people changeable over the time.
1.3 Analysis of the impact of legislation, social policy, society and culture on the ways that services are made available for individuals with specific needs
There are a lot of impact of legislation, social policy, society and culture on the services made available to the users of health and social care with specific needs (Emerson, (1992).
The factors like these make the environment of health and social care service for the people with specific needs. The impacts are analyzed in the following points:
Impacts of Legislation
The legislation of the country or an environment prepares the services available for individuals with specific needs. If the legislation tries to ensure the existence of health and social care for the people with specific needs, then the environment of a certain area will be certainly blessed with services available for the people with specific needs (Mechanic, 1978).
Social policy
The social policy of any society is to a great extend responsible for ensuring the services available for the people with specific needs. The social policy means the social norms, values and other things that are made mandatory for the society and its peace.
Impact of society and culture
The impact of society and culture cannot be ignored regarding the services available for the people with specific needs (Mechanic, 1978). The culture of a society to provide people with specific needs build the possibility of possessing services for the people with specific.
2. How health and social care services and systems support individuals with specific needs
2.1 Analysis of the care needs of individuals with specific needs
Extra and intensive care should be taken for the people with specific needs because these people are most likely to be deprived and oppressed. These people do not actually get what they need. Hence, the people related to health and social care should be c concerned regarding them.
To address their situation a two-fold approach is required as suggested by Mechanic (1978)-
‘ It is important that all programmes and activities are designed in a way that takes into account the presence of groups with specific needs and integrates their concerns. Protection of groups with specific needs is ‘mainstreamed.’
‘ A targeted response may be needed to ensure protection in accordance with their vulnerabilities and needs. This may be through community-based activities or individual referrals.
2.2 Current systems for supporting individuals with specific needs
The individuals with specific needs should be supported for the betterment of the people and the society. As we know that the people with specific needs are generally deprived of the common and legal facilities of the society. Hence, extra arrangement should be made to make social care system and facilities to be available for them. The current systems for the people with specific needs are as follow-
Advice and guidance
The current system for supporting individuals with specific needs provides advice and guidance for the betterment of the mental and physical health of the users of health and social care. The advices are provided to the people of high age. The children and immature people with specific needs are supported by the necessary guidance.
Counseling
Counseling is an important phase of health and social care. The people with specific needs sometimes need counseling for encouraging them and to increase their confidence. However, sometimes people suffer from mental disorder and face problem in their normal life. The current health and social care system provide these people with counseling and other related services.
Personal development program
The current health and social care system provide people with specific needs with further facilities and services that bring them to a good condition to adjust with society in a normal and convenient way. However, personal development programs are also arranged for the betterment of the people with specific needs.
2.3 Evaluation of the services available in a chosen locality for individuals with specific needs
The health and social care services available in a certain locality and a place is an important indicator for the assessment of the standard of living in a certain locality. Hence the evaluation of the health and social care services available in a certain locality or area is important. Moreover, the evaluation of the services available in a certain area or locality can easily interpret the necessities and the requirements of the locality to turn it into a better place to live in for the individuals with specific needs. Changes and improvements can be recommended on the basis of the evaluation.
We have selected the locality of eastern London for our assessment of the services available in a certain area and locality-
Advices and guidance
The selected locality is blessed with possible all kinds of services and care system. In the area advices and guidance are available for the individuals with specific needs. The individuals who are suffering from any kind of problems like learning, mental or other are encouraged to get the necessary help from the health and social care practioners and from the health and social care centers (Ager and May, 2001). The system is also proved to be helpful to the users of the health and social care users with specific needs.
Counseling
The selected locality is seen to provide the users of health and social care services that are with specific needs. The counseling services are provided to the people and individuals to cope and adjust with the society in a better and convenient way (Ager and May, 2001). Moreover, the counseling services are also helpful for the people with specific needs to get over their physical problem and also to recover their mental and sometimes their physical barriers.
Personal development program
The personal development program is also a part of the health and social care system that are for the individuals with specific needs (Ager and May, 2001). Moreover, the personal development program initiated by the health and social care system is also helpful for the individuals with specific needs to get rid of the obstacles and barriers of the society and establish themselves as perfect and complete human being out of their disabilities and incapability.
3. Approaches and intervention strategies that support individuals with specific needs
3.1 The approaches and interventions available to support individuals with specific needs
Disability may be seen as a ‘punishment’ within a family or community leading to the ostracism and marginalization of adults and children with disabilities (Hewett, 2012).
Here are some of the approaches and interventions available for the individuals with specific needs to help them as suggested by National Autistic Society-
Alternative and Augmentative Communication
Alternative and Augmentative Communication is any form of communication that people use if they are unable or unwilling to use standard forms of communication such as speech.
Behavioral and developmental interventions
Behavioral and developmental interventions include a large and diverse range of educational strategies, programs and techniques ‘ including most forms of teaching and coaching.
Biomedical interventions
‘Biomedical’ is a very loose term that means different things to different people. In practice, most people use the term to refer to a group of interventions which are designed to stop, or at least reduce, the effect of biomedical problems ‘ such as gastrointestinal abnormalities, immune dysfunctions, detoxification abnormalities, and/or nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.
Health and service-based interventions
Standard healthcare services are designed to maintain the health and well-being of individuals with autism and include a wide range of treatments and therapies which are accepted and used by the majority of health care professionals. Service-based interventions include interventions supporting people with autism in education, employment, and social care services.
Motor and sensory interventions
Motor and sensory intervention approach uses motor to bring back the sensory feelings in the autistic body and make a person able to do some constraint job.
Social stories and comic strip conversations
These types of approach increase understanding among autistic people and the social care service provider.
Moreover, simple technical interventions can have a positive impact on helping to meet the needs and rights of people with physical disabilities:
‘ handles at convenient heights on latrine doors
‘ Bars and support rails to hold onto around shelter and in washing areas
‘ A cushion to support a correct sitting position
‘ a shady and comfortable sitting spot close to a shelter block, allowing easy access to and contact with the wider community
‘ A path which allows wheelchair access.
(Jennings, 1986)
3.2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention strategies for an individual with specific need(s)
The intervention strategies are important for the individuals with specific needs. Hence, the effectiveness of the intervention strategies should be proved to be helpful and useful for the implementation of the intervention strategies (Jennings, 1986). Therefore, evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention strategies play important role for the overall success of the strategies.
A screening app for autism
The screening app for autism has proved to be helpful for the children with autism. Hence, we can say that the system and strategy is effective.
Behavioral and developmental interventions
the behavioral strategies for the individual with specific needs has also proved to be helpful for the individuals with specific needs by implementing educational and other development interventions (Jennings, 1986).
Biomedical interventions
The biomedical intervention strategies have been found to be successful for the individuals with specific needs. These intervention strategies help overcome biomedical problems like-gastrointestinal abnormalities, immune dysfunctions, detoxification abnormalities, and/or nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.
Health and service-based interventions
The health and service-based interventions are proved to be helpful for the people with specific needs in the areas of education, employment and other related activities.
3.3 The potential impact of emerging developments on support for individuals with specific needs
In our established social norms the individuals with specific needs are bereft of many social rights and privileges. Hence, the health and social care centers should be conscious and active regarding this facts and situations (Benson, 1990). The activeness of the social and health care workers can reduce the problems and bad conditions of the individuals with specific needs.
However, some potential development and improvement on the support for the individuals with specific needs are encouraged for the total well being of the society (Benson, 1990). These development and changes will have a great impact on the total services of the health and social care.
Moreover, the potential impacts of the emerging development on the support for the individuals with specific needs are as follow-
‘ The individuals with specific needs will be benefited by both physically and mentally.
‘ The society will be benefited by the participation of a large group of the society.
‘ The individuals with specific needs will get employment opportunities and other related services.
‘ The individuals with specific needs will be educated and will contribute in the socio-economic development of the country (Benson, 1990).
4. Understand strategies for coping with challenging behaviors associated with specific needs
4.1 Different concepts of challenging behavior
Challenging behavior (also known as behaviors which challenge services) is defined as “culturally abnormal behavior(s) of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behavior which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities” (Emerson,1995).
Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, head butting, biting, scratching), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, head butting, screaming, scratching others, spitting, biting, punching, kicking), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking or echolalia) (Emerson,1995).
4.2 The potential impact of challenging behavior on health and social care organizations
The challenging behaviors of the users of the health and social care create obstacles for the health and social care organizations to cope with and adjust. The health workers are in a problem to cope with these problems. Moreover, these challenging behaviors of the users of health and social care keep them aloof from the services of the health and social care. Hence, the health specialists fear the risks of the health workers to do their job in a rather comfort and convenient way (Emerson, 1995). The potential impact on the challenging behaviors of the health and social care organizations are as follow-
‘ The organizations may think over and over again to do their jobs
‘ The health worker may feel problems to cope with the challenging behaviors of the patients and the users of the health and social care
‘ The health workers may feel demotivated due to the challenging behaviors of the patients
4.3 Analysis of the strategies for working with challenging behaviors associated with specific needs
The people with specific needs are the major concern of the health and social care services of UK. Hence, different strategies and policies should be taken up to ensure the fulfillment of the necessities related to the individuals with specific needs (Emerson, 1995). Moreover, the challenging behavior4s of the individuals with specific needs may turn up against the health and social workers (Allen, 1999b). Therefore, the above mentioned strategies and approaches for working with challenging behaviors of the patients and users of the health and social care has following impacts-
‘ The strategies are seen to be successful in most cases
‘ Some of the aspects of the strategies should be improved and adjusted with the needs of the changing society
‘ The strategies should be friendlier to both patients and health workers.
‘ The focus of the strategies should be the patients and then the worker
Bibliography and References
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2. Mechanic, 0. (1978). Medical sociology. (2nd ed.) New York: Free Press.
3. Mechanic, D.(1984). Illness Behaviour. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Illness Behaviour. Adelaide, Australia.
4. Engel, G.(1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science;196:129-36.
5. Roane, Henry S.; Ringdahl, Joel E.; Vollmer, Timothy R.; Whitmarsh, Ernest L.; Marcus, Bethany A. (2007). “A Preliminary Description of the Occurrence of Proto-injurious Behavior in Typically Developing Children”. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention 3 (4): 334’47.
6. Tsakanikos, Elias; Underwood, Lisa; Sturmey, Peter; Bouras, Nick; McCarthy, Jane (2011). “Psychometric properties of the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS) for behavior problems: An independent investigation”. Research in Developmental Disabilities 32 (2): 653’8.
7. McCarthy, Jane; Hemmings, Colin; Kravariti, Eugenia; Dworzynski, Katharina; Holt, Geraldine; Bouras, Nick; Tsakanikos, Elias (2010). “Challenging behavior and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders”. Research in Developmental Disabilities 31 (2): 362’6.
8. Jennings D. (1986). The confusion between disease and illness in clinical medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal;135:865-70.
9. Schwartz, G.E. (1982). Testing the biopsychosocial model: The ultimate challenge facing behavioral medicine. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology ;50: 1040-53.
10. Ager, A. and F. O’May (2001). “Issues in the definition and implementation of ‘best practice’ for staff delivery of interventions for challenging behaviour.” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 26 (3): 243-256.
11. Alexander, R. T., J. Piachaud, et al. (2001). “Two districts, two models: in-patient care in the psychiatry of learning disability.” The British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47 (2): 105-110.
12. Allen, C. (1998). “The care programme approach: the experiences and views of carers.” Mental Health Care, 1 (5): 160-162.