INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a disregulation of metabolism. Peoples having diabetes have high blood glucose, also called as high blood sugar. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which is characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) level, in scientific word’s hyperglycemia which is due to the defects in action of insulin i.e. shortage of insulin or absence of insulin. With the help of hormone insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and used it for energy. Diabetes enroot when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin (Kumar et al., 2011).
Hyperglycemia is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications that can leads to visual impairment, blindness, kidney disease, and heart attack (Loghmani et al., 2005). Diabetes mellitus is identify by elevated plasma glucose concentrations resulting from inadequate insulin and insulin resistance (Chauhan et al., 2010). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, managing the blood glucose level by regulating the production and storage of glucose (Gupta et al., 2015).
Other pathological processes are involved in the development of diabetes are destruction of beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas with subsequent insulin deficiency. The abnormalities of carbohydrate, fats and protein metabolism are due to deficient action of insulin (WHO, 2015). Diabetes is a sustained medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts lifetime (Gupta et al., 2012). In 2014 the global popularity of diabetes was approximated to be 9% among adults aged 18+ years. In 2012, an approximated 1.5 million deaths were precisely provoked by diabetes. Higher than 80% of diabetes death develops in low and middle income countries. WHO projects that diabetes will be 7th leading cause of death in 2030 (WHO, 2015).
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS:-
• Type 1
• Type 2
• Type 3
Type 1 diabetes, called as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), in which the body does not yield any insulin or lack of insulin. There is destruction of beta cells due to which insulin secretion decreases. It affects 5-10 % of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are fewer well characterized for Type 1 diabetes than for Type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, hereditary, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this type of diabetes.
Type 2 is non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), in which the body does not outcome with sufficient or improper use of secreted insulin. It is a disease, which appears to have a very strong genetic propensity and is develop by a combination of lacking insulin secretion and an insensitivity of the body tissues to insulin so leaving patients with this status relatively deficient in insulin. Type 2 DM is the most common form of the disease affecting 90–95% of population.
Type 3 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), takes place when a woman’s pancreatic function is not acceptable to overcome the diabetogenic environment of pregnancy. It affects 2-5% of pregnant women’s (Amanda et al., 2008).
Sugarcane is a major source of energy, obtained from biological source “Saccharum officinarum Linn” belonging to the family Poaceae. It is cultivated throughout the world due to the economical and medicinal value of its high yielding products. Sugarcane has a thick longitudinal stalk, which is mostly three to five meters in height, approximately 5 cm in diameter, and is identified by its sweet taste. The whole plant is composed of four principal parts root, stalk, leaves and inflorescence. The chemical constituents of sugarcane consist of fatty acids, alcohols, phytosterols, flavnoids, glycosides, and phenolic acids. Sugarcane juice is mainly used for the treatment of jaundice, hemorrhage, dysuria, anuria etc.(Singh et al., 2015). Sugarcane leaves also used as ruminant feed for animals (Chinh et al., 2000).
Review of literature
Diabetes mellitus is a disregulation of metabolism. Peoples having diabetes have high blood glucose, also called as high blood sugar. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which is characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) level, in scientific word’s hyperglycemia which is due to the defects in action of insulin i.e. shortage of insulin or absence of insulin. With the help of hormone insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and used it for energy. Diabetes enroot when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin (Kumar et al., 2011). Diabetes was first identified as a disease associated with “sweet urine,” and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world.
Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, in patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia (Gupta et al., 2012). In simple word’s the hyperglycemia is increased level of sugar in blood. Hyperglycemia is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications that can leads to visual impairment, blindness, kidney disease, and heart attack (Loghmani et al., 2005).
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous disorder caused by a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin movement, insulin resistance and environmental factors such as obesity, lack of exercise, and stress as well as aging (Kaku et al., 2010). Diabetes mellitus is identify by elevated plasma glucose concentrations resulting from inadequate insulin and insulin resistance (Chauhan et al., 2010). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, managing the blood glucose level by regulating the production and storage of glucose (Gupta et al., 2015). Insulin is a protein consititute of 2 polypeptide chains A (with 21 amino acid residues) and B (with 30 amino acid residues). Chains A and B are joined by disulphide bridges. Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells of pancreas (Joshi et al., 2007).