Essay: Waste management

Chapter 1
ABSTRACT
Waste is a byproduct of life, due urbanization and ever increase in population solid waste management and its proper disposing is major concern in the developing countries. The general method of disposing the solid waste is by land filling in dump yard. In this method the disposing site should be far away from the residential area. But due to Poor managerial control at dumping site and improper disposal of solid wastes leads to contamination of groundwater and surface water resources in the vicinity of dump yard. The present study is conducted on the ground water, in the vicinity of Bhandewadi Dump Yard in Nagpur. Municipal solid wastes of the city is presently disposed as open landfills at Bhandewadi region near Pardi east Nagpur. The leachate form due to solid waste is directly infiltrate into the ground and contaminate the ground and surface water resources which results into unsuitability of water for drinking and other utility purposes. Hence a detailed study and analysis is carried out on the ground water in the vicinity of this area. For this analysis five samples of different area of varying distances is collected from this study region, and these samples are analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters such as pH, Nitrate, BOD, etc. This study is try to analyze the suitability of ground water for drinking, household purpose, etc. by comparing the results obtained from analysis with the standard parameters set of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study indicates that the water quality parameters exceed the permissible limits for drinking at many locations leading the water unsuitable for drinking.
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning, human kind has been generating waste, each household generated garbage or waste day in or day out either solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes. Waste is a byproduct of life. High standards of living and ever increasing population have resulted in an increase in the quantity of wastes generated. During the last two decades groundwater quality has emerged as one of the most important environmental issues confronting much of the world’s populace. Among the multitude of the environmental problem existing in the urbanizing cities of developing countries, MSW management and its impact on groundwater quality have become the most prominent in the recent years. Ground water contamination is generally irreversible i.e. once it is contaminated it is difficult to restore the original water, degrades water quality producing an objectionable taste, odor and excessive hardness. It is always better to protect ground water first rather than relying on technology to clean up water from a contamination source. Due to lack of efficient solid waste management system and improper dumping of MSW as open landfills, the groundwater and surface water in the Nagpur city is found to be contaminated in various places. The processing and disposal of the MSW generated by Nagpur city with environmentally safe and legally acceptable management is done by company namely Hanjer Biotech Energies Pvt. Ltd. NMC pays 275 Rs. per ton to these firms to treat garbage. Hanjer was allowed to sell the byproducts of treating garbage, which include wet organics, dry organics and plastics. Several studies have been carried out studying the impact of improper solid waste management mainly focused on pollution, health problems, diseases etc. To study the effects of solid waste on health of neighborhood inhabitants, Bhandewadi the only dumping yard of Nagpur city was chosen as primary testing area. It was assumed that the impact of solid waste would be more apparent and prominent at neighborhood settlements of Bhandewadi as these settlements are in proximity and in direct contact with the dumping yard.
Chapter 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Many studies have been done by many researchers on the effect of dumping yard on ground water. With the analytical data, it has been seen that the effect of dumping yard is high on soil, water and air. Under the heading of Analysis of Contamination of Ground Water Due To Dump Yard, ground water near the dumping site is not portable for drinking and health of people is at risks who are residing near the dump site. Thus based on this, following are few researches done by the researchers on this topic.
3.1 Kalpana P. Deshmukh , ‘Analysis of Under Ground Water Pollution Of Bhandewadi Dumping Yard Nagpur’, Indian Streams Research Journal, Volume – 5 | Issue – 11 | Dec ‘ 2015: Have identified how much water is polluted and studied the possibility of damages on human health. The objective was to check the impact on water in nearby settlement of dumping yard and try to find out sessional difference between the pollution of water. This study was base on primary data collection, for testing the impact of dumping yard. Nearest six settlements was chosen. Samples were taken in two sessions, rainy and winter session for comparatively study. Sample was tested in laboratory in nine parameters. To test the water ‘LTEK’ field test kit was used. Water testing results of Bhandewadi proved that underground water of dumping yard Catchment area become pollutes. Hence on test of some parameters, water is safe but it’s failed on any one parameter. In seasonal comparison water of rainy season are more safe than winter season. Excess water of rain mixed-up with well water so intensity become reduce. This kind of scope has not in the winter season so water is become concentrated.
3.2 Anju Anilkumar, Dipu Sukumaran, Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent, ‘Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on Ground Water Quality of Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India’, Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015: Have studied the effect of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) leachate on ground water quality by using water quality index (WQI) in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area, Kerala, India. Ground water samples were collected from dug wells 1 kilometer around the MSW dumping site and control samples from 10 kilometer away from the site both in two seasons (pre monsoon and post monsoon) for analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The characteristics of leachate of the MSW were also studied. Ground water near the MSW dumping sites were found to be more polluted than the control sites in both seasons. From this study, it is evident that the leachate from the MSW dumping site plays a major role in polluting the ground water in the area. The nitrate (88 mg/l) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (726 mg/l) concentration in ground water is in alarming state that should be taken into consideration before using for drinking purpose. The ground water near the MSW dumping site was also contaminated by fecal coliform (8 CFU/100ml) which makes unsuitable for drinking purpose.
3.3 Gawsia John, Harendra K. Sharma1 & Vikas Vatsa, ‘Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dump on Ground Water Quality at Danda Lokhand Landfill Site in Dehradun City, India’, International Journal Of Environmental Sciences Volume 5, No 3, 2014: Have studied the Impact of municipal solid waste dump on ground water quality at Danda Lokhand landfill site in Dehradun city, India. Ground water contamination is generally irreversible i;e, once it is contaminated it is difficult to restore the original water quality of aquifer. Excessive mineralization of ground water degrades water quality producing an objectionable taste, odour and hardness. So keeping in view the importance of ground water and the effect of municipal solid waste dump on ground water. They select the present dump site Danda Lokhand on Sahastradhara road, in Dehradun. The residential areas around this dump site mainly have bore-wells and hand pumps. The depth of these bore-wells & hand pumps around the site varies from 350-450 feet. The purpose of this study was to assess the physico-chemical properties and microbial activity of underground water was evaluated within 3 months. The physico-chemical properties such as temperature, total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, phosphate, chloride, residual chlorine & microbial activities were studied & analyzed. The quality of ground water in various parameters is fair or satisfactory but the overall study has revealed that the ground water quality does not confirm to the drinking water quality standard as per Bureau of Indian standards. The study clearly indicates that landfills in densely populated cities should have the ground water monitored on regular basis. Furthermore, ground water in and around the landfill sites shall not be used for drinking purposes unless it meets specific standards, indiscriminate developing of waste in developed areas without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped.
3.4 Nitin Kamboj and Mohrana Choudhary, ‘Impact Of Solid Waste Disposal On Ground Water Quality Near Gazipur Dumping Site, Delhi, India’, Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5 (2): 306-312 (2013): Have studied the impact of domestic wastes disposal on ground water quality at Delhi, India. The samples of ground water were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz. conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, sodium and potassium. Among these parameters, TDS were found higher. TDS were observed beyond the desirable limits of BIS at all the sampling sites. Maximum value of TDS was found to be 2061 mg/l. Maximum value of chloride was found to be 560 mg/l and rest all other parameters were found within permissible limit. The study concluded that the chloride and TDS in water samples were above to the desirable limit and below to the permissible limit of BIS and rest all other parameters were within desirable limit.
3.5 Donal Nixon D’Souza, P.S. Aditya, S. SavithaSagari, Deepanshi Jain and Dr. N. Balasubramanya, ‘Study of Groundwater Contamination Due to a Dump Yard: A Case Study of Vamanjoor Dump Yard, Mangalore, India’, Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering (AARCV 2012), 21st ‘ 23rd June 2012, Vol. 1: Have studied Groundwater Contamination Due to a Dump Yard. The studied was conducted on the ground water, in the vicinity of Vamanjoor dump yard in Mangalore. Twenty eight ground water samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters as per standard methods for water and waste water. The results were compared with BIS guideline values for potable water with the view to quantify the extent of ground water pollution, and its impact on health. The sampling and analysis of ground water showed contamination due to landfill leachate, as a result if excessive concentrations of one or more contaminants such as Iron, Nitrate, Cadmium, Total Dissolved Solids and Fluorides. The presence of these contaminants has rendered about 86% of the samples unportable. The variation in contamination is mapped using high resolution satellite data, with the help of GIS and Surfer mapping tools.
3.6 Mohammed Asef Iqbal and S.G.Gupta, ‘Study On Effect Of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping On Ground Water Quality Index Values’, ResearchGate, 24 (2), 2009 : ll8 – I23: Have studied on effect of dumping of municipal solid waste on ground water quality index values. Recent increase in unplanned urbanization without any adequate provision for issues like waste generation and disposal and treatment by industries, agriculture and domestic users has increased the stress on water reservoirs of getting contaminated. Groundwater can also get contaminated due to such anthropogenic activities of man, if the generated waste is not disposed of in proper manner’ the polluting chemicals in the solid waste undergo biological action and their seepage in the groundwater occurs during the rainy season. Hence the municipal solid waste poses a significant threat to the credibility of the groundwater as the safest source of water for human consumption. The samples were collected at 21 sampling stations inbounding the dumping ground at Naregao. The samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory for the analysis’ physicochemical parameters analysed were Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Biochemical Oxygen demand, Temperature, Phosphates, Nitrates and total Solids, additionally for biological status Fecal coliforrns were also analysed. The analysis was carried out as per the standard methods prescribed by APHA (1995). The obtained results were used to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) method. The overall index of water quality in the area is not satisfactory and can graded as bad for consumption. It is also observed that the water quality index is further deteriorating with the time. it was concluded that the open refuse dumping at Naregaon is adversely affecting the portability of the ground water in the area, which a serious concern and immediate action should be initiated to prevent further deterioration of the groundwater sources.
3.7 P. Vasanthi, S. Kaliappan & R. Srinivasaraghavan, ‘Impact of Poor Solid Waste Management on Ground Water’, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007: Have studied Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water. The leachate produced by waste disposal sites contains a large amount of substances which are likely to contaminate ground water. In this study, the quality of ground water around a municipal solid waste disposal site in Chennai was investigated. Chemical analysis were carried out on water samples collected at various radial distances from the boundary of the dumping yard, at intervals of 3 months and for a period of 3 years. The study has revealed that the ground water quality does not confirm to the drinking water quality standards as per Bureau of Indian Standards. The effects of dumping activity on ground water appeared most clearly as high concentrations of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates and sulphates. Leachate collected from the site showed presence of heavy metals. The contaminant concentrations tend to decrease, during the post monsoon season and increase, during the pre monsoon season in most of the samples. The study clearly indicates that landfills in densely populated cities should have the ground water monitored on regular basis. Furthermore, ground water in and around the landfill sites shall not be used for drinking purposes unless it meets specific standards. Indiscriminate dumping of wastes in developed areas without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped.
Chapter 4
OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT
‘ Analysis of quality of ground water
Many families are residing near the Bhandewadi dumping yard due to urbanization and low cost of land. All the people in that area are only dependent upon the ground water source only like bore wells, wells for their domestic purposes like drinking, bathing, washing, etc. As drinking is directly concern with health so it is necessary to analysis the quality of water in that region.
‘ Try to find out the intensity of contamination of ground water due to dumping yard with respect to radial distance
Disposal of solid waste as open landfills affect soil, air and water. The leachate produce in dump yard infiltrates in the ground and contaminate the ground water. As dumping yard is surrounded by residential area due to low cost of land so it is necessary to determine that at how much distance the dumping yard is contaminating the ground water so that the necessary preventive measures should be taken.
Chapter 5
STUDY AREA
Nagpur is a city in the central part of India. In Maharashtra State. Nagpur district is located between 21*45 N to 20*30 N and 78*15 E to 79*45 E, which essentially indicates that Nagpur district is located in the Deccan Plateau. It is situated at elevation 319 meters above sea level. Nagpur has a population of 2,228,018 making it the 4th biggest city in Maharashtra. The adjoining districts are Bhandara on the east, Chandrapur on the south, Amravati and Wardha on the west and in the north shares the boundary with Madhya Pradesh. It is practically at geographical
Center of India, in fact the zero milestone of India is in this city. All major highways NH-7 (Varanasi – Kanyakumari) & NH-6 (Mumbai – Sambalpur – Calcutta) and major railways trunk route (Mumbai, Chennai, Howrah * Delhi) pass through the city. Important Central & State Government offices and institutions are located in Nagpur. Industrial Development is existing along the fringe areas like Kamptee, Hingna, Wadi, Khapri, Butibori and Kalmeshwar.
5.1 Topography:
Nagpur is located at the exact centre of the Indian peninsula. The city has the Zero Mile Stone locating the geographical centre of India, which was used by the British to measure all distances within the Indian subcontinent. The city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula and has a mean altitude of 310.5 meters above sea level. The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of
the Kanhan River. In some places these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low-lying areas, which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of the city, crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites are found, while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lower Gondwana formations are found. Nagpur city is dotted with natural and artificial lakes. The largest lake is Ambazari Lake. Other natural lakes include Gorewada Lake and Telangkhedi Lake. Sonegaon and Gandhisagar Lakes are artificial, created by the city’s historical rulers. Nag River, Pilli Nadi, and nallas form the natural drainage pattern for the city. Nagpur is known for its greenery and was adjudged the cleanest and second greenest in India after Chandigarh in 2010.
5.2 Climate:
Nagpur has tropical savannah climate with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. It receives about 163 mm of rainfall in June. The amount of rainfall is increased in July to 294 mm. Gradual decrease of rainfall has been observed from
July to August (278 mm) and September (160 mm). The highest recorded daily rainfall was 304 mm on 14 July 1994.Summers are extremely hot, lasting from March to June, with May being the hottest month. Winter lasts from November to January, during which temperatures drop below 10 ”C (50 ”F). The highest recorded temperature in the city was 48 ”C on May 19, 2015, while the lowest was 3.9 ”C. Nagpur is a city found in Maharashtra, India. It is located 21.15 latitude and 79.08 longitude.
Chapter 6
SOLID WASTE AND ITS DISPOSAL IN NAGPUR
Nagpur City generate 1000 tones and above garbage per day. All these waste is collected and disposed into the landfill located at Bhandewadi at a distance of 8km from the city head quarter Nagpur. The dumping yard has an area of 22.0 hectors which is poorly managed. Bhandewadi has greater importance due to passing of national highways like Jabalpur highway (NH06), Mumbai-Varanasi highway (NH07) and railway rout of Nagpur-Nagbid. It also having a landmark like Swaminarayana Temple. The main waste generated is from homes, markets from agricultural products, retail and commercial markets, slaughter houses and industries. This dump yard was started in the 1994. This
dump yard has not only been a source of air pollution but also contaminated the ground water in the vicinity. There are close to 3000 families which live within a proximity of 500m from the dump yard. Leachate percolation has resulted in ground water turning black and smelling foul in areas like Abbumiya Nagar, Gurukrupa Nagar, Chandmari, Antuji nagar and Sangharsh Nagar, which are in the vicinity of Bhandewadi. This effect is compounded during the winter. Respondents in the study area reported loss of appetite, vomiting and giddiness. Hence, the intention behind this study is to
TYPE OF WASTE
SOURCES
Domestic waste
Glass bottles, rags, vegetable parts, residues etc.,
Commercial waste
Polyethylene bags, egg shells, cans, bottles, etc.
Agricultural waste
Vegetable parts and residues
Construction waste
Rubbles, wood, concrete, etc.
Table no. 6. 1 Classification of Waste
evaluate the extent of pollution in the area and identifying individual pollutant concentrations, and thereby the impact of landfill on groundwater contamination.
Chapter 7
PROCESS OF CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER DUE TO DUMP YARD
Solid waste contains many hazardous components like chemicals extracted from hospitals, industries and many households. These hazardous waste is collected from different regions of the city and then it is collectively disposed far away from the residential areas. But due to urbanization and high cost of land the nearby areas of the dumping site are occupied by the people for living purpose. As the main source of water for domestic uses like drinking, bathing, cooking, etc is only the groundwater. In standard the dump site should be well covered by geosynthetic sheets but due to poor management system and adoption of cheaper method it leads to contamination of ground water. Not only this, but it also contaminates the soil and air due to open burning of
waste. Groundwater contamination is mainly due to leachate infiltration in the ground. Leachate is generated in the dump yard when the solid waste comes in contact with water. When rainfall occurs the intensity of formation of leachate is high and due to this the intensity of contamination of ground water is more. The intensity of contamination of ground water is highly dependent upon the concentration of leachate.
Chapter 8
METHODOLOGY
8.1 Sample Collection
In order to analyze the intensity of ground water contamination due to leaching of wastes into ground, nearest five settlements was chosen. From each settlement one ground water source were selected and the water samples were collected to analyze its quality. Five water samples were collected from the study area and analyze for its physical and chemical characteristics as per standard procedure. The detailed inventory survey also carried out and the details such as depth of source and distance of source from the dumping yard is collected. Clean plastic bottles washed with detergent was used for ground water sampling. The sampling bottles were rinsed duly with distilled water before taking the samples and then on field the bottles were rinsed duly by using the representative ground water samples.
8.2 Details of Samples
Total five samples of groundwater were collected from different settlements in a sampler of capacity 2 liter. All the details of each sample and source from which the samples were collected is given in table no. 8.1
SR. NO. AREA SOURCE DEPTH
(ft.) DISTANCE FROM DUMPING YARD
(m)
1. ANTUJI NAGAR BORE WELL 80 100
2. ABBUMIYA NAGAR WELL 40 200
3. SANGHARSH NAGAR BORE WELL 80 300
4. GURUKRUPA NAGAR BORE WELL 150 150
5. CHANDMARI NAGAR BORE WELL 150 650
Table no. 8. 1 Details of all the Samples
8.3 Analysis of samples
The ground water samples were collected in field were send to the laboratory on the same day. These samples were tested in laboratory of Water Resource Department of Government of Maharashtra in Nagpur for three different Parameters are as follows:
‘ pH
‘ Nitrate
‘ BOD
8.3.1 pH
The term pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a diluted solution. It can range from 0 to 14, with 7 denoting a neutral value. Acidic water has a pH below 7; alkaline water, above 7. The health effects of pH on drinking water depend upon where the pH falls within its range. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which classifies pH as a secondary drinking water standard, recommends a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 for drinking water. According to the World Health Organization, health effects are most pronounced in pH extremes. Drinking water with an elevated pH above 11 can cause skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. On the opposite end of the scale, pH values below 4 also cause irritation due to the corrosive effects of low pH levels. WHO warns that extreme pH levels can worsen existing skin conditions.
Factors influencing the value of pH:
‘ The pH of a body of water is affected by several factors. One of the most important factors is the bedrock and soil composition through which the water moves, both in its bed and as groundwater. Some rock types such as limestone can, to an extent, neutralize the acid while others, such as granite, have virtually no effect on pH.
‘ Another factor which affects the pH is the amount of plant growth and organic material within a body of water. When this material decomposes carbon dioxide is released. The carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. Although this is a weak acid, large amounts of it will lower the pH.
‘ A third factor which determines the pH of a body of water is the dumping of chemicals into the water by individuals, industries, and communities.
8.4.2 Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrate is an inorganic compound that occurs under a variety of conditions in the environment, both naturally and synthetically. Nitrate is one of the most common
groundwater contaminants in rural areas. It is regulated in drinking water primarily because excess levels can cause methemoglobinemia, or “blue baby” disease. Although nitrate levels that affect infants do not pose a direct threat to older children and adults, they do indicate the possible presence of other more serious residential or agricultural contaminants, such as bacteria or pesticides.
Nitrate in drinking water is measured either in terms of the amount of nitrogen present or in terms of both nitrogen and oxygen. The federal standard for nitrate in drinking water is 10 milligrams per liter (10 mg/l) nitrate-N, or 45 mg/l nitrate-NO3.
8.3.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD represents the quantity of oxygen which is consumed in the course of aerobic processes of decomposition of organic materials, caused by microorganisms. The BOD therefore provides information on the biologically-convertible proportion of the organic content of a sample of water. BOD indicates the amount of putrescible organic matter present in water. Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is consumed by bacteria when large amounts of organic matter from sewage or other discharges are present in the water.
8.4 Methods use for testing the samples
8.4.1 For pH
Determining the PH of the given water samples with the stipulations as per IS: 3025 (Part 11) – Reaffirmed 2002
8.4.1.1 Apparatus Required
1. pH meter
2. Standard flasks
3. Magnetic Stirrer
4. Funnel
5. Beaker
6. Wash Bottle
7. Tissue Paper
8. Forceps
8.4.1.2 Chemicals Required
1. Buffers Solutions of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2
2. Potassium Chloride
3. Distilled Water
8.4.1.3 Procedure
Three major steps are involved in the experiment. They are
1. Preparation of Reagents
2. Calibrating the Instrument
3. Testing of Sample
1) Preparation Of Reagents
1. Buffer Solution of pH 4.0
‘ Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
‘ Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 4.0 to the funnel.
‘ Add little amount of distilled water, crush the tablet and dissolved it.
‘ Make up the volume to 100 mL using distilled water.
2. Buffer Solution of pH 7.0
‘ Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
‘ Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 7.0 to the funnel.
‘ Add little amount of distilled water, crush the tablet and dissolved it.
‘ Make up the volume to 100 mL using distilled water.
3. Buffer Solution of pH 9.2
‘ Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
‘ Using the forceps carefully transfer one Buffer tablet of pH 9.2 to the funnel.
‘ Add little amount of distilled water, crush the tablet and dissolved it.
‘ Make up the volume to 100 mL using distilled water.
2) Calibrating The Instrument
Using the buffer solutions calibrate the instrument.
Step 1
‘ In a 100 mL beaker take pH 9.2 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
‘ Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the reading in the pH meter.
‘ If the instrument is not showing pH value of 9.2, using the calibration knob adjust the reading to 9.2.
‘ Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with soft tissue.
Step 2
‘ In a 100 mL beaker take pH 7.0 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
‘ Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the reading in the pH meter.
‘ If the instrument is not showing pH value of 7.0, using the calibration knob adjust the reading to 7.0.
‘ Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with soft tissue.
Step 3
‘ In a 100 mL beaker take pH 4.0 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
‘ Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the reading in the pH meter.
‘ If the instrument is not showing pH value of 4.0, using the calibration knob adjust the reading to 4.0.
‘ Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with soft tissue.
Now the instrument is calibrated.
3) Testing Of Sample
‘ In a clean dry 100 mL beaker take the water sample and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
‘ Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the water sample and check for the reading in the pH meter. Wait until you get a stable reading.
‘ Take out the electrode from the water sample, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with soft tissue
8.4.2 For Nitrate (NO3)
UV spectrophotometer method
The method is useful for the water free from organic contaminants and is most suitable for drinking. Measurement of the ultraviolet absorption at 220nm enables rapid determination of nitrate. The nitrate calibration curve follows Beer’s law up to 11mg/L N. Acidification with 1N hydrochloric acid is designed to present interference from hydroxide or concentrations up to 1,000mg/L as CaCO3. Chloride has no effect on the determination. Minimum detectable concentration is 40”g/L.
‘ Principle
Nitrate is determined by measuring the absorbance at 220nm in sample containing 1mL of hydrochloric acid (1N) in 100mL sample. The concentration is calculated from graph from standard nitrate solution in range 1-11mg/L as N.
‘ Apparatus and equipment
a. Spectrophotometer, for use at 220nm and 275nm with matched silica cells of 1cm or longer light path.
b. Filter: One of the following is required. i) Membrane filter: 0.45”m membrane filter, and appropriate filter assemble ii) Paper: Acid-washed, ashless hard-finish filter paper sufficiently retentive for fine precipitates. c. Nessler tubes, 50mL, short form.
‘ Reagents and standards
a. Redistilled water: use redistilled water for the preparation of all solutions and dilutions.
b. Stock nitrate solution: dissolve 721.8mg anhydrous potassium nitrate and dilute to 1000ml with distilled water. 1mL = 100 ”g N = 443”g
c. Standard nitrate solution: dilute 100mL stock nitrate solution to 1000mL with distilled water. 1mL = 10”g NO3 N = 44.3”g NO3.
d. Hydrochloric acid solution: HCl, 1N.
e. Aluminum hydroxide suspension: dissolve 125g potash alum in 1000mL distilled water. Warm to 60”C, add 55-60mL NH4OH and allow to stand for 1h. Decant the supernatant and wash the precipitate a number of times till it is free from Cl, NO2 and NO3. Finally after setting, decant off as much clean liquid as possible, leaving only the concentrated suspension.
‘ Calibration
Prepare nitrate calibration standards in the range 0 to 350”g N by diluting 1, 2, 4, 7’..35mL of the standard nitrate solution to 50mL. Treat the nitrate standards in the same manner as the samples.
‘ Procedure
Read the absorbance or transmittance against redistilled water set at zero absorbance or 100% transmittance. Use a wavelength of 220 nm to obtain the nitrate reading and, if necessary, a wavelength of 275nm to obtain interference due to dissolved organic matter.
‘ Calculation
For correction for dissolved organic matter, subtract 2 times the reading at 275nm from the reading at 220nm to obtain the absorbance due to nitrate. Convert this absorbance value into equivalent nitrate by reading the nitrate value from a standard calibration curve.
Nitrate N, mg/L = mg nitrate-N / mL of sample
NO3, mg/L = Nitrate N mg/L x 4.43
8.4.3. For biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Determining the biological oxygen demand in the given water sample with the stipulations as per IS: 3025 (Part 44) – Reaffirmed 2003.
8.4.3.1 Apparatus Required
1. BOD Incubator
2. Burette & Burette stand
3. 300 mL glass stopper BOD bottles
4. 500 mL conical flask
5. Pipettes with elongated tips
6. Pipette bulb
7. 250 mL graduated cylinders
8. Wash bottle
8.4.3.2 CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1. Calcium Chloride
2. Magnesium Sulphate
3. Ferric Chloride
4. Di Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate
5. Potassium Di Hydrogen Phosphate
6. Di sodium hydrogen phosphate
7. Ammonium Chloride 8. Manganous sulphate
9. Potassium hydroxide 10. Potassium iodide
11. Sodium azide
12. Concentrated sulfuric acid 13. Starch indicator
14. Sodium thiosulphate 15. Distilled or deionized
.
8.4.3.3 PREPARATION OF REAGENT
a) Manganous Sulphate Solution Dissolve Manganese Sulphate
‘480g of (or) ‘400g of (or) ‘364 g of
in freshly boiled and cooled distilled water, filter the solution and make up to 1000
mL (One litre). hydrate.
Take 364g
In this experiment, we are using Manganese sulphate Mono
of and transfer it to the beaker. To dissolve the content,
place it in the magnetic stirrer
b) Alkaline Iodide Sodium Azide Solution
To prepare this reagent we are going to mix three different chemicals Dissolve either
‘ 500 g of Sodium Hydroxide (or) ‘ 700 g of Potassium Hydroxide ‘ 135 g of Sodium Iodide (or)
‘ 150 g of Potassium Iodide
To prepare this reagent, take 700 g of potassium hydroxide and add 150 g of potassium iodide and dissolve it in freshly boiled and cooled water, and make up to 1000 mL (One litre).
Dissolve 10 g of Sodium Azide in 40 mL of distilled water and add this
with constant stirring to the cool alkaline iodide solution prepared.
c) Sodium Thiosulphate stock solution
Weigh approximately 25 g of sodium thiosulphate and dissolve
it in boiled distilled water and make up to 1000 mL. Add 1 g of sodium hydroxide to preserve it.
d) Starch Indicator
Weigh approximately 2 g of starch and dissolve in 100 mL of hot distilled water. In case if you are going to preserve the starch indicator add 0.2 g of salicyclic acid as preservative.
e) Sulphuric Acid
f) Calcium Chloride solution
Weigh accurately 27.5 g of anhydrous calcium chloride and dissolve it in distilled water.
Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using distilled water.
g) Magnesium Sulphate solution
Weigh accurately 22.5 g of magnesium sulphate and dissolve it in distilled water. Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using distilled water.
h) Ferric Chloride solution
Weigh accurately 0.15 g ferric chloride and dissolve it in distilled water. Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using distilled water.
i) Phosphate buffer solution
‘ Weigh accurately 8.5g of Potassium Di Hydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4) and dissolve it in distilled water.
‘ Then add exactly 21.75 g of Di Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate (K2HPO4) and dissolve it.
‘ To the same beaker 33.4 g of Di sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4 7H2O), is weighed and added.
‘ Finally to the beaker containing all the salts, add accurately 1.7 g of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) and dissolve it.
‘ Take 1000 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
‘ Transfer it to the 1000 mL standard flask and make up to 1000 mL using distilled water.
‘ The pH should be 7.2 without further adjustment.
j) Dilution Water
High quality organic free water must be used for dilution purposes.
The required volume of water (five litres of organic free distilled water) is aerated with a supply of clean compressed air for at least 12 hours. Allow it to stabilize by incubating it at 20”C for at least 4 hours.
For the test we have taken five litres of organic free aerated distilled water, hence add 5mL each of the nutrients.
‘ Add 5mL calcium chloride solution
‘ Add 5mL magnesium sulphate solution
‘ Add 5mL ferric chloride solution and
‘ Add 5mL phosphate buffer solution
This is the standard dilution water. Prepare dilution water 3 to 5 days before initiating BOD test to ensure that the BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
8.4.3.4 Testing Of Sample
‘ Take four 300 mL glass stoppered BOD bottles (two for the sample and two for the blank).
‘ Add 10 mL of the sample to each of the two BOD bottles and the fill the remaining quantity with the dilution water. i.e., we have diluted the sample 30 times.
‘ The remaining two BOD bottles are for blank, to these bottles add dilution water alone.
‘ After the addition immediately place the glass stopper over the BOD bottles and note down the numbers of the bottle for identification.
‘ Now preserve one blank solution bottle and one sample solution bottle in a BOD incubator at 20”C for five days.
‘ The other two bottles (one blank and one sample) needs to be analysed immediately.
Avoid any kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles. Remember ‘ no bubbles!
‘ Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just below the surface of the liquid.
‘ Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner.
‘ (The pipette should be dipped inside the sample while adding the above two reagents. If the reagent is added above the sample surface, you will introduce oxygen into the sample.)
‘ Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
‘ When this floc has settled to the bottom, shake the contents thoroughly by turning it upside down.
‘ Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the sample.
‘ Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc.
‘ Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to Erlenmeyer flask.
‘ Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium thiosulphate. Fix the burette to the stand.
‘ Measure out 203 mL of the solution from the bottle and transfer to an Erlenmeyer flask.
‘ Titrate the solution with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow color of liberated Iodine is almost faded out. (Pale yellow color)
‘ Add 1 mL of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue color disappears to colourless.
‘ Note down the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added , which gives the D.O. in mg/L. Repeat the titration for concordant values.
‘ After five days, take out the bottles from the BOD incubator and analyse the sample and the blank for DO.
‘ Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just below the surface of the liquid.
‘ Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner.
‘ If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will appear.
‘ Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
‘ When this floc has settled to the bottom, shake the contents thoroughly by turning it upside down.
‘ Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the sample.
‘ Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc.
‘ Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to Erlenmeyer flask.
‘ Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium thiosulphate. Fix the burette to the stand.
‘ Measure out 203 mL of the solution from the bottle and transfer to an Erlenmeyer flask.
‘ Titrate the solution with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow color of liberated Iodine is almost faded out. (Pale yellow color)
‘ Add 1 mL of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue color disappears to colourless.
‘ Note down the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added, which gives the D.O. in mg/L. Repeat the titration for concordant values
8.4.3.5 Calculation
For determining the Biochemical Oxygen Demand in the given water sample, the readings should be tabulated.
Trial No.
Day
Volume of Sample (mL) Burette Reading (mL) Volume of Titrant (mL) (Na2S2O3 solution used)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Initial
Final
Blank
1.
2.
Blank
1.
2.
Figure no. 8.4.3.1 Readings of BOD test
Burette Solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Pipette Solution: Sample
Indicator: Starch
End point: Disappearance of blue color
1) Initial DO of the diluted sample, D0 = mL
2) DO at the end of 5 days for the diluted sample, D5 = mL
3) Blank correction = C0 – C5, BC = mL
4) Initial DO of the blank, C0 = mL
5) DO at the end of 5 days for the blank, C5 = mL
‘ Biochemical Oxygen Demand
= {D0’ D5 ‘ BC} x Volume of the diluted sample
Volume of sample
Chapter 9
EFFECTS OF DUMPING YARD
In the environment, chemicals and other contaminants found in solid waste can seep into groundwater and can also be carried by rainwater to rivers and lakes that provide essential wildlife habitat. These contaminates can also end up in our ground water, rivers and lakes that are our sources for drinking water. Dumped solid waste, when visible from roadways, is aesthetically unpleasing. Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. The plague outbreak in Surat is a good example of a city suffering due to the callous attitude of the local body in maintaining cleanliness in the city. Plastic waste is another cause for ill health.
9.1 Impacts Of Solid Waste On Health
‘ Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
‘ Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
‘ Congenital malformations
‘ Neurological disease
‘ Vomiting
‘ Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites
9.2 Effects Of Solid Waste On Animals And Aquatics Life
‘ Degrades water and soil quality
‘ Plastic found in region ingested by birds
‘ Resulted in high algal population in river
9.3 Impacts Of Solid Waste On Environment
‘ Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas
‘ Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
‘ Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping
‘ Leaching i.e. A process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them
‘ Degrades water and soil quality
Chapter 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For analyzing the ground water in the vicinity of Bhandewadi dumping yard five water samples were tested in the government laboratory of water resource department on the basis of three parameters pH, Nitrate and BOD. The results obtained are as follows.
Graph No. 10.1 Graphical Representation of pH, Nitrate, BOD Value on the Basis of Region
10.1 pH
The pH of the above sample is found within permissible limits but it is very near to the permissible limits. The pH value of Abbumiya Nagar water sample is highest than all the five samples and it is very close to permissible with the difference of 0.1 value this is the indicates that this region is highly susceptible to contamination on the basis of pH value.
Table no. 10.1.1 Result of pH
SR. NO. NAME OF THE AREA PH VALUE REQUIRED
(ACCEPTABLE LIMIT) RESULT
1 ANTUJI NAGAR 8.2 6.5-8.5 PORTABLE
2 ABBUMIYA NAGAR 8.4 6.5-8.5 PORTABLE
3 SANGHARSH NAGAR 8.1 6.5-8.5 PORTABLE
4 GURUKRUPA NAGAR 8.1 6.5-8.5 PORTABLE
5 CHANDMARI NAGAR 8.2 6.5-8.5 PORTABLE
Graph no. 10.1.1 Graphical Representation of Ph Value on the Basis of Area
From the graph 10.1.1, the area which has the maximum pH value of 8.4 which is nearer to the permissible limit is Abbumiya Nagar as it is closed to the dump yard site. As we go away from the dump site, it is seen that the value of pH decreases. It can also be concluded that the region which has highest pH value will exceed the permissible limit in rainy season.
10.2 Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrate content found in above five samples is high but lower than the permissible limits, as specified in BIS 2012 IS10500:2012. But it is very near and increases in the rainy seasons as proved in previous studies. In Antuji nagar it is found to be 37.21 which is very high and the source located 100m away from dumping yard. While the Nitrate value of Chandmari nagar’s water sample is very less which is 13.29 mg/l and the source is located aboute 1000m away from the dumping yard. Hence the value of Nitrate is decreases as we move away from the dumping yard and found very high in the near regions.
SR. NO. NAME OF THE AREA NITRATE VALUE
(MG/L) REQUIRED
(ACCEPTABLE LIMIT) RESULT
1 ANTUJI NAGAR 37.21 45 MAX. PORTABLE
2 ABBUMIYA NAGAR 33.66 45 MAX. PORTABLE
3 SANGHARSH NAGAR 31.90 45 MAX. PORTABLE
4 GURUKRUPA NAGAR 35.44 45 MAX. PORTABLE
5 CHANDMARI NAGAR 13.29 45 MAX. PORTABLE
Table no. 10.2.1 Result Of Nitrate Test
Graph no. 10.2.1 Graphical Representation Of Nitrate Value On The Basis Of Area
From the graph 10.2.1, the nitrate value of Antuji Nagar is 37.21 mg/l which is the highest among all as it is the nearest region from the dumping site. Then the value of Abbumiya Nagar is 33.66 mg/l , Sangharsh Nagar is 31.9 mg/l, Gurukrupa Nagar is 35.44 mg/l & Chandmari Nagar is 13.29 mg/l which is lowest among all. So it is clearly seen that the intensity of nitrate content is high near to the dump yard but its intensity decreases as we go away from the dumping yard.
10.3 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand):
In above water sample analysis results it is found that while moving away from the dumping yard the value of BOD is reduces. Only the exception of Abbumiya nagar, it may be due the Abbumiya nagar is locate, in between both the dumping yard. The value of BOD according to BIS is should be zero but in the analyzed water sample is found to be 2.8-3.8 mg/l. Which is higher than the permissible limit and hence water in these regions is prohibited for drinking purpose.
SR. NO. NAME OF THE AREA BOD VALUE
(MG/L) REQUIRED
(ACCEPTABLE LIMIT) RESULT
1 ANTUJI NAGAR 3.0 — NOT PORTABLE
2 ABBUMIYA NAGAR 3.8 — NOT PORTABLE
3 SANGHARSH NAGAR 2.8 — NOT PORTABLE
4 GURUKRUPA NAGAR 2.8 — NOT PORTABLE
5 CHANDMARI NAGAR 2.9 — NOT PORTABLE
Graph no. 10.3.1 Graphical Representation of BOD Value on the Basis of Area
From the graph 10.3.1 it is clearly seen that every sample exceeds the permissible limit as per BIS. The value of BOD for Antuji Nagar is 3 mg/L which is higesh among all samples as it is the nearest area from the dumping yard. As we go away from the dumping yard the value of BOD decreases. But there is an increase in the value of BOD in Chandmari which is away from the dumping yard. In the rainy season the values of BOD will be more than the current values.
Chapter 11
CONCLUSION
The analysis of ground water from the area around Bhandewadi Dump Yard, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India has shown contamination. The study indicate that the ground water is getting contaminated due to leachate percolation from the dump yard site. As the parameters such as pH and Nitrate is found to be in permissible range, but the value of BOD is crosses its limit and found more than its permissible limit as specified in BIS:2012, IS-10500:2012. As water sample fails in one parameter and other parameters are on its red mark. Hence this water cannot recommend for drinking purpose. The review taken from the local residing people confirms the extent of contamination of ground water, resulting in various health problems faced by the residents of the study area. Also with the development of the surrounding area water requirement is expected to increase, with additional burden being passed on to the ground water sources, compounding the problem of contamination of groundwater due to solid waste disposal. Presently the solid waste disposal system is being practice without any regard to proper care of the surrounding environment. The further ground water contamination can be stop by using geosynthetic sheets and by adopting recycling and sustainable methods of waste disposal. This study was undertaken for analysis of ground water contamination level due to percolation of leachate through dump yard. This study has shown ground water contamination. People who reside in the surrounding are suggest to treat the water before using it for drinking purpose. A necessary action is to be taken to stop this pollution of ground water. Indiscriminate dumping of wastes in developed areas without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped.
Chapter 12
REFERENCE
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2. Anju Anilkumar, Dipu Sukumaran, Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent, Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on Ground Water Quality of Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India, Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015, pp 151-157. doi: 10.12691/aees-3-5-5 | Research Article
3. Gawsia John, Harendra K. Sharma1 & Vikas Vatsa, Impact of municipal solid waste dump on ground water quality at Danda Lokhand landfill site in Dehradun city, India, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 5, No 3, 2014 ” Copyright by the authors – Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0, Research article ISSN 0976 ‘ 4402
4. Nitin Kamboj and Mohrana Choudhary, Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality near Gazipur dumping site, Delhi, India, Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5 (2): 306-312 (2013)
5. Donal Nixon D’Souza, P.S. Aditya, S. SavithaSagari, Deepanshi Jain and Dr. N. Balasubramanya, Study of Groundwater Contamination Due to a Dump Yard: A Case Study of Vamanjoor Dump Yard, Mangalore, India, Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering (AARCV 2012), 21st ‘ 23rd June 2012 442 Paper ID ENV120, Vol. 1
6. Mohammed Asef Iqbal and S.G.Gupta, Study On Effect Of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping On Ground Water Quality Index Values, ResearchGate, 24 (2), 2009 : ll8 – I23
7. P. Vasanthi, S. Kaliappan & R. Srinivasaraghavan, Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water, Received: 24 May 2007 / Accepted: 27 August 2007 / Published online: 13 November 2007, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007
8. Nagpur Today (25 Apr 2015) under the heading of ‘NIT cancel Bhandewadi garbage dumping yard’.
9. Indian standard drinking water specification IS-10500:2012
10. N. Rajkumar Groundwater Contamination Due to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal ‘ A GIS Based Study in Erode City, international journal of environmental sciences volume 1, no1,2010.
11. Health effects of ph on drinking water article no.-214475.
12. Effect of nitrate on human health.
13. India Water Portal Limit of BOD in drinking water
14. Irrigation Department of Nagpur, Maharashtra
15. Water Quality Analysis Laboratory Methods, NEERI, Nagpur
Appendix A
PROJECT SNAPS
Appendix B
ACHIEVEMENTS