1 – Energy Problem
Brief description:
Egypt faces many problems and grand challenges like the lack of energy, blackouts and urban congestion and many other problems.
While Egypt is oil, gas and other energy sources producer, the country remains a net importer of these products and it is also a net importer of hydrocarbon resources as it has a lack of hydrocarbons and other energy resources because of the rise of demand and the stagnating of production all of this has altered the balance.
Providing adequate electricity for citizens is a serious duty for the Egyptian government because many observers expect that blackouts will be a serious challenge to Egyptian government but the falling price of oil has helped the Egyptian government to reduce the budget spent on providing energy but this didn’t affect the energy shortage in Egypt. Moreover, the lower price the energy is the lower financially support from GULF states.
150.4 billion kilowatts. Hour per year remains a huge annual consumption that has to be fulfilled or the continuous blackouts will return back as in 2014.
The government is doing its best and exerts big efforts to bring more investment to the oil and energy sector in Egypt and to provide a variety of energy sources, so Egypt is developing wind energy like AL-Zafrnaa, solar energy systems and planning to use nuclear energy, thus the government will build Al-Dabaa nuclear station.
As shown in (figure 1) the fossil fuels are the dominant energy source with 90.5 % of total energy production which results in the increased pollution and oil imports from other countries to satisfy the demands thus providing energy from renewable resources is an essential necessity to limit this huge amount of pollution which has been lately another grand challenge.
In Egyptian government vision renewable energy is projected to fulfill 20 % of total energy resources, but until now only 9.5 % are from total energy production is from renewable resources as illustrated in the figures 2 & 1
Oil:
Oil is one of the most important energy a source in the world as 33% of the world’s energy is produced from oil.
Egypt is the largest non-OPEC in Africa (organization of the petroleum exporting countries) but it also consumes 815 thousand barrel per day in 2011.
Although Egypt is a major oil producer in Africa, Egypt is an oil net importer because of the high consumption of oil which has been increasing about 3 percent per year over the last decade because of the economics and the largely growing population. thus the consumption hasn’t met the demands.
The consumption has outpaced the production in 2010 and the problems began. The oil production in Egypt has reached its peak in the 1990’s at over 900,000 BBL/day. The country’s refinery outputs have been dropped since 2010, although it was expected to increase the last two years, it hasn’t increased very much because of the population growth and the demand growth figure 3.
There was a recent global drop in the oil and there were many benefits for Egypt from this lower prices as it reduced the budget spent on oil subsidize as petroleum products were subsidized by 100 billion Egyptian pounds (about 6 billion dollars) in 2014-2015.
The drop in the price will help Egypt reduce about 30 percent of the budget will be spent on oil products (about 30 billion Egyptian pounds). But on the other hand, the oil low price will have some disadvantages on Egypt as the major Persian Gulf states will not have the financially ability to provide Egypt with aids, the amount of remittance from Egyptians working in the Gulf states and the number of tourists from the Persian Gulf region are also expected to decrease.
2- Overpopulation
Overpopulation is an disastrous situation in which the number of human is more than the carrying capacity of the area they live in.
Overpopulation is caused by many factors like the decrease in death rates and increase in the birth rates.
As shown in (figure 4), In the past fifty years, the population growth has increased heavilz and has turned into overpopulation catastrophe.
In the last century, the increase in world population was 3 times more than all the previous history.
Before the 19th century, the world population increase rate was less than 1 %, but at the first half of the 20th-century, the population growth increased to 2.1% per year, it causes a lot of environmentally, socially and economic problems.
Egypt is very populated country and the highest country in population in Middle East and North Africa, Since the majority of Egypt’s geography consists of arid areas, and desert, 95 % of citizens live in urban areas along the Nile, such as Cairo, Nile Delta, or Aswan, the combination of the overpopulation and the spread of deserts results in the catastrophic urban congestion that Egypt’s suffer from (figure 5).
Egypt ranks 14 in the list of countries in population and according to CAPMAS the population of Egypt equal approximately 104.2, the natural increase in 2016 is 2.11 million with RNI (rate of natural increase) 22.5 for each thousand which is very high relative to the average RNI of the world which is 10.8 for each thousand, and according to CAPMAS population growth rate is 2.017% which is also very high relative to average growth rate of the world which is 1.182% according to World Bank.
Future of overpopulation problem is worse, all estimates are predicting a horrible increase in the population, in 2030, the population of Egypt will reach 117 million, with an increasing percentage of 32.7% from 2015 and the population will reach 134,428,337 by 2040 and 151,111,009 by 2050
Cairo is the highest city in population among the Arabian cities, with a population of 12.3 million, also one of the densest. Cairo’s population density reached 45,000 per square kilometer in 2012.
The overpopulation combined with the urban congestion resulted in catastrophic problems like the increase in poverty, poor healthcare and education, unemployment and illiteracy.
It has been projected to build New cities thus attracting people out of the capital, like New Cairo and 6th of October City as they are new cities constructed to house millions by 2020.
3 – Pollution
Pollution…, we hear this word everywhere in school, work home and we read about it in the newspaper, but what is pollution? Pollution happens when pollutants affect and change badly the nature; which disturbs our regular daily lifestyle. Pollutants are the main causes of pollution which mainly wastes materials of different forms. Pollution affects our ecosystem and disturbs the balance of the surrounding around us, and this environmental imbalance causes many living organisms death.
Figure 6 Atmospheric pollution in Cairo
Table 1 The Highest Pollution Index for different countries
Rank Country Pollution Index Exp. Pollution Index
1 Mongolia 94.1 173.69
2 Myanmar 93.93 172.81
3 Bangladesh 90.07 162.63
4 Egypt 89.05 159.47
5 Vietnam 86.96 155.46
Pollution occurs in many forms: air, water, soil, radioactive, thermal, land and light. And in Egypt, all forms of pollution occur because of the urban congestion problem, overpopulation and the burning in fossil fuel. Egypt suffers from a disastrous problem that is pollution. Egypt is the fourth most polluted area in the world, as we can see in (Table 1).
Egypt is the 11th country in the death resulting from air pollution with 35,000 dying annually.
Pollution types:
- Air pollution: air pollution is defined as the damage of the atmosphere that change the chemistry of the air.
- Water pollution: water pollution is any damage, in the water bodies, whether from chemical, particulate, physical or bacterial matter that decrease the water’s quality and purity. Water pollution can occur in lakes, seas, oceans, rivers and underground reservoirs.
- Soil pollution: soil pollution is the stripping soil fertility by using artificial chemicals like pesticides, insecticides, ripening agents.
- Noise pollution: it occurs when noise that is an unfavorable sound or voice disturbs our ears, feelings and leads to medical problems like stress and hearing impairment.
Problems to be solved
1 – Energy overconsumption
Brief to the problem:
Overconsumption is a situation where resource use has exceeded the available capacity of the ecosystem.
given the current situation, energy-related harmful emissions and wastes will increase by 70% by 2050. This will speed up the worst effects of climate change, including the increase in temperatures. And it is a fact that The world’s demand for electricity will grow by 85% between 2010 and 2040” – this increase is more than today’s total use of electricity in the USA, the European Union, China, Russia, Japan, Australia, and India.
Energy losses represent a great obstacle; it reduces the total output useable energy to less than half as illustrated in (figure 7), the losses are generally in four phases which are the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption.7
figure 7 energy losses
Effects:
1- Economically:
there is a great percentage of the electricity is losses in the consumption.
in the next 10 years, the energy consumed by products in “standby” mode could be as high as 10 % of total electricity consumption. Providing this with power will require 400 medium-sized power plants.
The energy overconsumption leads the government to generate more energy to fulfill the demands and overcome the losses which cost more money and decreases the GDP (growth domestic product).
2- Environmentally:
using too much electricity is wasting our resources and force us to use the more damaging resources.
increasing the use of energy will make us use more sources and this is a big problem for Egypt because about 90.5% of its energy is coming from burning fossil fuels. The overusing of energy. Will Make the country burn much fossil fuels.
Overusing energy can reduce the number of resources we have and tempt us to eliminate the natural resources. Also, using unrenewable sources that produce pollutants that results in acid rains and global warming.
3- Socially
Energy overconsumption and losses increase the energy bills that affect people’s financials especially the poor that results in the increase in poverty.
2 – Energy lack
Brief to the problem:
Energy lack represents a disastrous problem for the Egyptian government to solve, Egypt can’t fulfill its needs from the energy that affects the country’s economy, the environment, and the people, there are many causes for the problem illustrated below.
Causes
- Egypt depends in generating energy on nonrenewable energy resources like fossil fuel and natural gas as 90.5% of energy in Egypt is thermal energy, but Egypt isn’t very rich with fossil fuel or other energy nonrenewable resources
- the high energy consumption by Egypt’s huge and increasing population compared to available energy resources in Egypt.
- deficiency in money and lack of a good plan prevent Egypt from using renewable energy resources.
- the absence of energy consumption awareness as most Egyptians use energy in a very bad way with very high consumption.
Effects:
1- Economically:
Energy shortage problem is a crisis that affects the economic extremely bad because the government can’t provide the energy needed by the Egyptians in the industrial field, agricultural field, transportation, commercial and energy needed in houses.
This leads the government to import oil and natural gas from other countries to use it to generate electricity (Figure 8, Figure 9) and as car fuel which increases our imports, debts, reduce the growth domestic product(GDP) and budget deficit.
Also, energy problem affects the industry as the most factories and companies need a huge amount of energy whether it is electricity or fuel to run machines and the shortage in energy leads factories to stop working or to decrease their production rate which affects the economy, the owners of the factories, and the workers. Since that factories can’t work due to the shortage of energy this leads to stop investors from investing their money in Egypt which affects the economy badly.
2- Socially:
The energy shortage affects the people by preventing them from doing or completing their work as a lot of people depend on electric devices in their work like computers, and use the internet so their work stopped due to energy shortage problem.
Energy shortage leads to increase in the prices of electricity and fuel so the prices of things depend on energy increase and energy shortage affects the transportation of merchandise too as it makes transportation slower and more expensive.
3- Environmentally:
Because the use of fossil fuel very commonly in generating electricity the burning of fossil fuel causes increase in the emission of carbon dioxide as in 2011 48% percent of the emissions of carbon dioxide in Egypt are from electricity and heat production, this percentage is increasing, in 2011 according to world bank, emissions of CO2 per capita in Egypt is 2.64 metric tons nearly half of this emissions are from electricity and heat production.
using fossil fuel increase the emissions of methane and other greenhouse gases, according to world bank emissions of methane gas in 2010 are equivalent to 55000 kilotons of CO2 (figure 10) these emissions are the main reason of global warming and air pollution that harm the environment, plants, animals, and birds so it affects the humans by many ways as it is one of the main causes of lung and respiratory system diseases.
figure 10 CO2 emissions per capita in Egypt
3 – Poor industry
Brief to the problem:
In Egypt the industry quality is too poor, and can’t fulfill the demands, whole kinds of industries don’t exist in Egypt.
Reasons
- lack of ability in management and supervision.
- Worker’s abilities, skills and knowledge are too poor.
- Lack of technology.
- Raw material shortage
- General economic and political environment.
- Getting enough resources for energy and materials as most of the used energy resources now are not renewable and have negative effects on the environment.
- Low purchase power in Egypt due to high poverty which results in inability to buy the manufactured products.
The effects of the poor industry are disastrous on the economy, the people and the environment, in our project, we aimed to solve Insufficient resources of energy, to support the industry.
Effects:
1- Socially:
Since that poverty and unemployment increase because the poor industry that can’t afford many jobs or high wages so when poverty and unemployment increase crime rates increase.
because the government import goods from other countries due to our poor industry so the goods’ prices are very high and this affects the poor who aren’t able to buy these goods.
2- Economically:
Poor industry affects the economy by a terrible way as the industry can’t afford Egyptians’ needs so government depend on imports to afford what industry couldn’t afford so imports increase very much so budget deficit and debts increase (Table 2).
- Total Exports (2015) $21,967,323,002
- Total Imports (2015) $74,361,266,947
- Trade Balance (2015) $-52,393,943,945
- Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) (2016) 10.35%
- Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) (2016) 19.6%
Table 2 total imports and exports in Egypt
since that, a lot of fields of industry aren’t in Egypt like smartphones industry so raw materials in Egypt used in these industries is being exported to other countries with very low prices then importing it again after being manufactured with high prices.
3- Environment:
Because industry quality in Egypt is very bad so a lot of factories don’t care with how they will deal with their wastes so they throw its liquefied wastes in Nile and water canals so it kills fish, water creatures and pollute the water make it unfit for agricultural or human usage.
Some factories get rid of toxic gases and smoke in the air without filtering them which pollute the air very much and kill birds so it is one of the main reasons for human diseases
If solved and not solved
Research
1- Topics related to the problem
Nonrenewable energy resources
Non-renewable energy is energy that comes from sources that will run out or won’t regenerate in short period of time as it needs millions of years to regenerate.
The main resources are coal, oil, and natural gas, although nuclear energy is a renewable resource but the elements used to produce nuclear energy are non-renewable as uranium.
Nonrenewable resources are the dominant energy resources in the world because they are relatively inexpensive relative to renewable resources and can be stored and transported in anywhere in the world as According to CIA (the central intelligence agency) world generates more than 66% of its electricity from fossil fuels and 8% from nuclear energy ,but nonrenewable resources pollute the environment and are the main reason for global warming because of the emissions of CO2 when burning fossil fuel .
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuel is divided into 3 main types which are coal, oil and natural gas, the fossil fuel is the dominant energy source in the world, it is a non- renewable energy source and one of the main pollutants of the plant, its burning is the main reason of global warming and climate change, we have been using fossil fuel especially coal since the industrial revolution.
Fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources in Egypt of 90.5 per cent of total energy consumption.
Natural gas
It is a non-renewable energy resource, the cleanest, the cheapest and the most effective among all the fossil fuels, it can exist individually or in a solution with oil then separated, it is chemically formed from methane, butane, pentane, ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons, it was formed from decayed animals and plants millions of years ago and transformed to natural gas due to heat and pressure.
Natural gas is used in houses in operating ovens and stoves to cook food, to operate some vehicles instead of oil, in production of fertilizers, and mainly used in generating electricity.
Russia and United states of America are the main producers then Iran, Qatar and Canada, the top consumers are Russia, united states of America and Canada, in 2012 the consumption in the world Is 3410.2 billion cubic meters which represent 24% of total energy consumption in the world in 2015 with total reserves in the world of 187.1 trillion cubic meters.
In Egypt natural gas is the dominant energy source, 70% of total electricity in Egypt is generated from natural gas and 53% of total energy is from natural gas, natural gas production in 2011/2012 reached 45.6 billion cubic meters and the total consumption is 47.8 billion cubic meters in 2011/2012.
Oil
Oil is the dominant energy source in the world now days 33% of total consumption of the world, oil is formed from different organic compound like alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and may be asphaltenes, oil chemical composition differ according to color and viscosity, oil was originally formed from mud and sediments full of old, buried organic matter like algae, animals remains and zooplankton, then huge amount of layers get formed on it which generate heat and pressure because the formation of oil take millions of years.
Oil is used in generating electricity in large electric power station such that it is used in burning and converting water into steam of high pressure and temperature to turn turbines and generate electricity, in operating all kind of vehicles, cars, planes, ships, in the military in operating rockets and their vehicles and in the production of fertilizers.
Oil is one of the main pollutants of the environment besides coal, their emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and carbon dioxide are the reasons of climate change, global warming which affect the eco-system and cause species to extinct.
The top oil producers in the world are Saudi Arabia, Russia and united states of America while the top consumers are united states of America, china, India, japan, Russia and Germany.
World total consumption 95 million barrels per day with total reserves of 239.4 billion tones or 1679.6 billion barrels.
Since that oil is a non- renewable energy source that take millions of years to form, it is expected to run out in a period ranges from 40 to 56 years, this variation in the expected limit due to the uncertainly of the real reserves in the world.
In Egypt oil is the second dominant energy source after natural gas, it is widely used in transportation to run different types of vehicles, it is used in in electricity generation, in 2014, 12.224 per cent of electricity is generated from oil.
The production of oil in Egypt was reduced from 900 thousand barrel per day to 511 thousand barrels per day in 2011 and consumption increased from 550 thousand barrel in 2000 and then increased to 815 thousand barrels per day in 2011, oil reserves in Egypt 4.4 billion barrels.
Coal
Coal is a nonrenewable energy source, the most pollutant of all fossil fuels, it is the dominant energy source regarding electricity generation and the second dominant energy source regarding all forms of energy of a per cent of 30% of total world energy consumption after oil 33%.
It is originally formed from old petrified wood that was buried deeply inside the ground and transformed into coal by the effect of temperature and pressure over hundreds millions of years, it is nonrenewable resource that is expected to run out in 110 years.
Coal is chemically formed from carbon combined with impurities like Sulphur, hydrogen, oxides, nitrogen and water.
There are many types of coal
- Lignite. The least efficient type of coal but, due to the huge amounts of it in the earth’s crust and easily to be ignite and extracted so it is used as fuel despite its low efficiency.
- Bituminous/Sub Bituminous Coal: more efficient that lignite and the dominant type of coal in Nature, used in industry especially steel industry and in power stations as fuel.
- Anthracite: the second most efficient type of coal with high heat output, but exists in low amounts.
- Graphite: the most efficient type of coal, but too hard to be ignite thus it is only used in industry especially pencils and lubricants and rarely as fuel.
The dominant consumer and producer in the world is china with production of 47.7 per cent of total world share and 50% of total world consumption followed by united states of America with production of 11.9 per cent of world share and 10.3 per cent of total world consumption then India and Australia.
The dominant coal reserves in united states of America 26.6 per cent of total world reserves followed by Russia with 17.6 per cent followed by china with 12.8 per cent of total world share.
In Egypt coal isn’t used except in residential uses, electricity is never generated from coal in Egypt according to world bank, there were some projects that aimed to generate electricity from coal, but until now they weren’t really built. Egypt’s coal production is 49000 short tons in SI units 44452 metric tons and the total reserves are 17.637 million metric tons, in SI units 15.711 million metric tons.
2- Topics related to the solution
Solar energy
It is a renewable, eco-friendly energy source that is emitted from the sun in form of light and heat due to nuclear reactions inside the sun, but it has a critical disadvantage that we can’t get benefit from It during night.
There are many applications on solar energy such that solar heaters at top of building to heat water, solar ovens to cook food, solar panels to generate electricity and solar mirrors to generate electricity too and capable of continue generating during night because it reflects solar energy on substances of low heat loss like salts until the heat molten the salt that results in molten salt which is characterized by thermal storage so it keeps its temperature all the day and night.
Old plants performed photosynthesis using solar energy and all the old eco-system that died and turned into fossil fuel depend on those plants which also turned into fossil fuel, thus all the non- renewable energy resources are actually a form of solar energy.
The consumption of solar energy still very low in the world, it only represents 1.3 of all world’s energy usage this per cent vary from developing to developed counties such that, but still the highest country in using solar energy is Germany and it only depend on solar energy in 3% of its consumption.
We receive approximately 1367 watts per meter square form the sun but unfortunately we can’t benefit from this massive amount of power.
Solar panels
Solar panels (photovoltaic) consist from smaller solar modules which is consisted from much smaller octagonal solar cells that generate a direct current from solar energy depending on the photoelectric effect which means the ability of the light photons to push and emit electrons out of a material when the photons hit this surface thus the electrons flow out the cells, and electricity is all about the flow of electrons.
To have an electric flow there must be an electric imbalance and this exactly what happens inside solar cells, when the internal balance of the silicon is interrupted by inserting other substances like boron and phosphorous to the silicon which change their charge and differentiates into N type silicon and P type silicon, from which P type don’t have enough number of electrons thus it has unfilled holes that need electrons while N type has an excess number of electrons.
An electric field is formed between the N type silicon and the P type silicon, because the excess electrons from the N type of silicon transfer to the P type causing static negative charge at the P type silicon and the positive holes move from the P type to the N type of silicon causing static positive charge at the N type of silicon.
The congested negative charges in the P type and the positive at the N type form an electric field that prevent the negative electrons or positive holes from moving to the other side besides that the energy of light photons will tend the electrons and positive holes to move faster so they won’t have a place to go, thus if we connected a circuit with a resistor like a light bulb the electrons and holes will tend to move in the circuit generating electric current
In Egypt Benben Solar Park near Aswan is projected to be the largest solar park in the world with power capacity 1.6-2 Gigawatts, the project will require 373 square kilometers with total 32 solar plants, and will cost between 3.5 to 4 billion us dollars.
Another 16 solar power plants with total capacity 750 Megawatts are projected to be built by the help of the European bank which will reduce the carbon emissions by 900,000 tons annually.
Concentrated solar power
Concentrated solar power is a system that involves mirrors or lenses to reflect the light rays and direct it depending on its type to a receiver tube of high heat fluid or a certain focus point or a top of a special tower filled with salt to heat the salt and turn it to molten salt from which it can be used to evaporate water and form steam of high temperature and pressure to move the turbines and generate electricity.
Molten salt is used due to its special characteristics regarding the heat behavior such that it can keep its temperature for long times and can be stored easily which make this system more efficient than solar panels because it can still generate electricity at night.
Currently costs of standard solar panels are way less than concentrated solar power technology and can produce electricity when there is clouds not as solar power technology in which it can’t generate energy when there are clouds which is considered as a disadvantage in concentrated solar power technology.
Currently only 2 per cent of total solar electricity is from concentrated solar power and the remaining is generated from the standard solar panels.
In Egypt Al Kuraymat project using concentrated solar power technology has the ability to generate 34,000 megawatts per year and it is built in kurymat.
Biomass
Biomass is considered any organic material from any living thing, biomass is used as fuel all over the world because of the chemical energy stored in it, for example when plants perform photosynthesis process they store the solar energy in form of organic material like wood, leaves and crops, also wastes of animals, humans or birds are considered biomass, thus when this biomass is burned as fuels full of energy.
Biomass is considered a renewable energy source that grow regularly among short periods of time in period range from 3 month considering short plants to many years for huge trees, compared to millions of years required to generate fuel, besides biomass energy is only a form of converted solar energy.
Although the many advantages of Biomass such as it is renewable source and easily accessed in huge farms like Beijing 3 million chicken farm that produces 14 600 megawatts from the wastes of chickens, it also has many serious disadvantages, burning biomass produce emissions of carbon dioxide carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides that sometimes exceeds that of the fossil fuel and it has less energy density than the fossil fuel because half of biomass is actually water besides that the biomass is not renewing with the same rate of the consumption.
Currently 10% of all world energy is generated from burning biomass according to world energy council.
In Egypt the usage of biomass is mainly from wastes and plants remains, there is 14 million tons of living organisms’ wastes and 5 million tons of plants remains and wastes like rice straw, this quantity is equivalent to 30% of oil consumption in Egypt, there aren’t significant efforts to get benefit from these massive amount of biomass.
Renewable energy resources
They are energy resources that renewed by the environment regularly it means that it is unlimited, also don’t pollute the environment like wind power, solar energy, hydroelectricity and geothermal energy.
The world tries to use the renewable resources instead of nonrenewable because it is endless and don’t pollute the environment but until now the usage of renewable resources in generating energy is still too small according to world bank only 18.896 percent is the total energy consumed is from renewable resources in the world, because using renewable energy resources is expensive.
In Egypt the government looks forward to increasing the usage of renewable energy resources in generating electricity to reach 20 percent by 2020 the main renewable energy resource in Egypt is hydroelectricity from high dam and there also wind with better future as the wind will be the dominant renewable energy resource in Egypt by 2020 as it will reach 12 percent of generating electricity exceeding hydroelectricity by 6.2 percent.
Egypt is doing great in that field as it is ranked 19th in the top 20 country worldwide in using renewable clean energy and the second Arabic country after Jordan in the list, Egypt’s rank increased 23 place from last year.
Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is the lightest and simplest element in the universe that is only formed from one proton and one electron, it is considered the dominant element on earth, two thirds of water on earth is actually hydrogen, Hydrogen is a clean energy source with almost zero effects on the environment and has a great Energy besides it is a totally renewable energy that burns and form water with the same amount of Hydrogen, thus NASA began in using liquid hydrogen to operate its space shuttles and space ships since 1950, it is 3 times as much powerful as fossil fuel.
Despite its many advantages, there is also significant disadvantages that are the reasons in which why Hydrogen fuel is not widely used as much as fossil fuel which are its high cost, it is exclusive concerning its production, transportation and storing processes because, of its characteristics such that hydrogen is flammable, very small and there is high distances between its atoms so it requires huge storages, thus it must be stored at high pressure which costs a lot of money too besides its most used production processes require fossil fuel .
Solving the problems of Hydrogen fuel regarding the costs of production, transportation and storage especially the usage of non-renewable energy in production will be the solution to all energy problems in the world and forever because it is renewable energy source.
In Egypt the usage of hydrogen fuel is negligible as the rest of the world, only some people use hydrogen fuel cells in their cars to reduce amount of oil thus reduce the costs.
Wind energy
Air moves from high to low pressure areas generating Wind energy, this is due to the sun which increase the temperature of the earth’s surface, thus the air gets heated and rises and the cold air takes place of the hot air producing the movement of wind all over the world, wind is a great kinetic energy source that can be easily converted into mechanical energy which is used whether in generating electricity or pumping fluids or grinding grains.
Wind energy is free, renewable energy and eco-friendly energy source that doesn’t cost anything except the wind turbines, thus if the wind turbines are constructed they will continue to generate energy until the wind turbine lifetime is finished which is regularly 25 years with only maintenance and repairing costs.
Usually the wind turbines are set of a height more than 30 meter and up to 78 meter to get benefit from the faster and more controlled wind, then the wind moves 2 or 3 long blades of length up to 43 meter in large industrial wind turbines, the amount of energy generated can be calculated using equation (energy = density of air *area of the blade*velocity^3).
Wind turbines works by a simple idea that the wind moves the blades which is connected to low and high speed shift that are combined together in a large and costly gear box and generate 1000 to 1800 rotation per minute required to move the turbine to generate electricity.
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