Essay: Voting machine

SUMMARY
The objective of voting machine is to allow voters to exercise their choices regarding specific issues, pieces of legislation, citizen initiatives, constitutional amendments, recalls and/or to choose their government and political representatives. The voting process include the following steps :-
1) voter identification and authentication
2) voting and recording of votes cast
3) vote counting
4) publication of elections results
During voting procedure, it is seen that using many unfair means/tricks ones tries to cast multiple votes, that results in the wrong selection of representatives.
So, the project aims to built such a voting device so that duplicacy of votes during the voting period is not possible. The project is very beneficial to the society as it build up using the concept of biometric identification, that the individual from casting multiple votes as it has to first cross the identification procedure to cast his vote.
HISTORY
The electronic voting machine were devised and designed by Election Commission of India in collaboration with two public sector undertakings Bharat Electronics Limited , Bangalore and Electronics Corporation Limited India.
It was first used in 1982 in the by-election to Parur Assembly Constituency of Kerala for 50 polling stations.
OVERVIEW:-
The electronic voting machine makes polling much fast and is more reliable than ballot papers, by preventing bogus voting to a great extend. The electronic voting machine saves a considerable time, money and manpower. It also helps in maintaining the secrecy of individual voting, At the end of polling, just press the button and there you have the result.
PICTORIAL DEPICTION OF WORKING OF EVM:-
PROJECT MOTIVATION:-
The election commission of India is using EVM for conducting polling throughout the country. But, still in today’s modern world duplicacy of votes takers during election. And this motivated us to design the “IMPECCABLE VOTING MACHINE” for NTCC project work . As with the use of finger print module for identification of voter to somehow limit duplicacy in the voting system.
MAIN ATTRACTION:-
‘ Voting for more than one post can be done that the same time, saving money and resources.
‘ No need to change the program everyone time before voting, as set up allows the authority to enter the post and candidate just before, making polling more secure
‘ Finger print identification allow the authority to fully identify the voter, making the voting procedure more secure and limiting the wrong exercises to take place.
PROJECT OUTLINE:-
In general the EVM consists of two units that can be interlinked :-
‘ Ballot Unit :- which the individual uses to cast his vote.
‘ Control Unit :- which is used the polling authority officials.
But the EVM design by us is totally automated, here the finger print module and microcontroller is acting as polling authority officials.
In this project there is total 16 switches for voting machine. Out of this 16 switch 4 switch is assigned for the 4 candidate and 4 switch for check individual votes. One switch for total vote. Two switch to clear the memory . One switch for election control officer.
To add a new finger in the module we use switch no 2,3 and reset pin. After pressing a reset pin program restart from the add finger print option. Now we add finger print with id number also.
Now when the communication start then system check the finger and if the data is store in the memory then system allow to enter a vote . system is not permit to re vote from the same finger.
IN this project we use r305 finger print module. In this module there is total four pins. One pin for tax and second pin for the ax. These pins are connected to the microcontroller on pin no 10,11. Other two pins of finger print module is connected to positive supply.
We use one external memory with the 89s52 controller . to store the data externally.
In this project we use 2 by 16 LCD display to display all the details of the project
COMPONENTS USED:-
List of components are listed below.
S.NO. NAME DESCRIPTION
1. R305 FINGER PRINT MODULE Fingerprint processing includes two parts: fingerprint enrollment and fingerprint matching
2. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER We use step down transformer to step down the voltage from 220 to 9 volt ac.
3. DIODE In this project we use IN 4007 diode as a rectifier. IN 4007 is special diode to convert the AC into DC
4. CRYSTAL Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to external crystal oscillator to provide a clock to the circuit.
5. LCD Use of 2 by 16 lcd display to display all the details of the project.
6. 8051 MICRO-CONTROLLERT The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the ability to access external memory.
7. KEYWORD A 12 keys keypad is used to enter the inputs.
8. 7805 IC As a voltage regulator.
BALLOT UNIT:-
It consists of 16×2 LCD and LEDS.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16×2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. It display the candidates, no of votes given to specific candidates and also verification procedure details.
CONTROL UNIT:-
It consists of Finger print module, Microcontroller, Keyboard.
MCU stores the program, run it also stores the data given by voters. We have made the 12 keys keyword, which allows us to input the data required for voting. By using this we will not have to program the device every time before conducting the polling. This also prevent the EVM to favor any specific candidate.
FINGER PRINT MODULE:-
R305 DETAIL
Fingerprint processing includes two parts: fingerprint enrollment and fingerprint matching (the matching can be 1:1 or 1:N).
When enrolling, user needs to enter the finger two times. The system will process the two time finger images, generate a template of the finger based on processing results and store the template. When matching, user enters the finger through optical sensor and system will generate a template of the finger and compare it with templates of the finger library. For 1:1 matching, system will compare the live finger with specific template designated in the Module; for 1:N matching, or searching, system will search the whole finger library for the matching finger. In both circumstances, system will return the matching result, success or failure.
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
Step down transformer from 220 volt Ac to 9-0-9 ac.We use step down transformer to step down the voltage from 220 to 9 volt ac. This AC is further connected to the rectifier circuit for AC to DC conversion. Transformer current rating is 750 ma .
DIODE.
In this project we use IN 4007 diode as a rectifier. IN 4007 is special diode to convert the AC into DC
In this project we use two diode as a rectifier. Here we use full wave rectifier. Output of rectifier is pulsating DC. To convert the pulsating dc into smooth dc we use Electrolytic capacitor as a main filter. Capacitor converts the pulsating dc into smooth dc and this DC is connected to the Regulator circuit for Regulated 5 volt DC.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:-
Reset Circuitry:
Pin no 9 of the controller is connected to the reset circuit. On the circuit we connect one resistor and capacitor circuit to provide a reset option when power is on
As soon as you give the power supply the 8051 doesn’t start. You need to restart for the microcontroller to start. Restarting the microcontroller is nothing but giving a Logic 1 to the reset pin at least for the 2 clock pulses. So it is good to go for a small circuit which can provide the 2 clock pulses as soon as the microcontroller is powered.
This is not a big circuit we are just using a capacitor to charge the microcontroller and again discharging via resistor.
CRYSTAL:-
Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to external crystal oscillator to provide a clock to the circuit.
Crystals provide the synchronization of the internal function and to the peripherals. Whenever ever we are using crystals we need to put the capacitor behind it to make it free from noises. It is good to go for a 33pf capacitor.
We can also resonators instead of costly crystal which are low cost and external capacitor can be avoided.
But the frequency of the resonators varies a lot. And it is strictly not advised when used for communications projects.
How is this time then calculated?
The speed with which a microcontroller executes instructions is determined by what is known as the crystal speed. A crystal is a component connected externally to the microcontroller. The crystal has different values, and some of the used values are 6MHZ, 10MHZ, and 11.059 MHz etc.
Thus a 10MHZ crystal would pulse at the rate of 10,000,000 times per second.
The time is calculated using the formula
No of cycles per second = Crystal frequency in HZ / 12.
For a 10MHZ crystal the number of cycles would be,
10,000,000/12=833333.33333 cycles.
This means that in one second, the microcontroller would execute 833333.33333 cycles.
HOW TO PROGRAM BLANK CHIP AND DISPLAY.
8051 micro controller
The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the ability to access external memory.
The generic term `8×51` is used to define the device. The value of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3, indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates EEPROM or Flash.
Different micro controllers in market.
‘ PIC One of the famous microcontrollers used in the industries. It is based on RISC Architecture which makes the microcontroller process faster than other microcontroller.
‘ INTEL These are the first to manufacture microcontrollers. These are not as sophisticated other microcontrollers but still the easiest one to learn.
‘ ATMEL Atmel’s AVR microcontrollers are one of the most powerful in the embedded industry. This is the only microcontroller having 1kb of ram even the entry stage. But it is unfortunate that in India we are unable to find this kind of microcontroller.
Intel 8051
Intel 8051 is CISC architecture which is easy to program in assembly language and also has a good support for High level languages.
The memory of the microcontroller can be extended up to 64k.
This microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to learn.
The 8051 microcontroller is in the field for more than 20 years. There are lots of books and study materials are readily available for 8051.
First of all we select and open the assembler and wrote a program code in the file. After wrote a software we assemble the software by using internal assembler of the 8051 editor. If there is no error then assembler assemble the software abd 0 error is show the output window.
now assembler generate a ASM file and HEX file. This hex file is useful for us to program the blank chip.
Now we transfer the hex code into the blank chip with the help of serial programmer kit. In the programmer we insert a blank chip 0f 89s51 series . These chips are multi ‘time programmable chip. This programming kit is separately available in the market and we transfer the hex code into blank chip with the help of the serial programmer kit
LCD:-
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. LCD used by us is 2×16. It is used to display textual information to the user. A 16×2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5×7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
It display the names of candidates, voting procedure details, voter’s identification details, number of votes casted against the specific candiate.
PIN NO 1 VSS GROUND
PIN NO 2 VCC +5 V SUPPY.
PIN NO 3 VEE POWER SUPPLY TO CONTRAST CONTROL
PIN NO 4 RS RS = 0 TO SELECT
MISTAKES DONE:-
‘ Much of our time was waste on the making of hardware take for e.g. finger print module. We should have searched for its alternatives, like using ADHAAR CARD verification procedure etc.
‘ Poor time management. We were left less time to test our device. So we couldn’t implement the program using EEPROM that using easy effective data permanently.
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK:-
‘ A timer can be included, which could automatically end the voting after specified period of time.
‘ It can be made more interactive by adding sound effect(speech) to it.
‘ EEPROM can be introduced to it store the data in more effective way.
‘ By making more than one EVM device , each of one can be used at different locations and the final result can be taken by adding all the results, more over all the EVM devices can be connect with each other to communicate and final result can be shown on one of the LCD.
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