Essay: DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER AND PWM

Abstract
In this thesis, the microprocessor with dc voltmeter checking the voltage applied to the two separate entrance with based on the principle of. I plan to use the IC as a pic16f877a microcontroller. In summary, if I open the circuit when the voltage applied to the principle of two separate working voltage depending on the status of the pulse width modulation from the ayriyet that is a square wave. Square wave in the range of 1-20 Khz frequency range of frequency, it is now possible to integrate pic16f877a. We can see these two separate voltage on the lcd.
This project today, so pwm dc motor with control or servo motor control led brightness can be controlled electronic elements such as. In the future, more advanced stages can be controlled with the pic. Also taking advantage of the hardware and software integrated pwm module pic16f877a pwm. This voltmeter from 0 to 100 Volts measurement. Can be adjusted with two separate potentiometer.
Declaration
I understand the nature of plagiarism, and I am aware of the University’s policy on this.I certify that this dissertation reports original work by me during my University project except for the following (adjust accordingly):
The PIC-C code taken help Mr Ahmet G’�L��O��LU
The details about devices and parameters are taken from datasheets
The using mikroC PRO taken help Mr. Hakan NOYAN
Signature Date:
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Samet B��R��C��K who has given me plenty encouragement, support and guidance. My cousin is high Electronic Engineer Mr Hakan NOYAN deserves special thanks for help and his constant motivation thorughout this thesis. I am also thankful for the constributions and comments the teaching staff of the Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, especially Assist. Prof. Dr. Soydan RED��F, Assist. Prof. Dr. H��seyin ADEMG��L and Assist. Prof. Dr. Y��nal KIRSAL for their and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ARCA and Assist. Prof. Dr. Server KASAP for their great advice.
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Declaration 4
Acknowledgements 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Figures 7
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Context 1
1.2 Scope and Objectives 1
1.3 Achievements 1
1.4 Overview of Dissertation 1
2 Technical Chapters (write as appropriate) 2
2.1 First Section 2
2.1.1 First Subsection 2
2.1.1.1 First Sub-subsection 2
2.1.2 About Equations 3
2.2 About Figures 3
3 Results 4
3.1 Computer Simulated Results 4
3.2 Academic Honesty and Plagiarism 4
4 Conclusion 5
4.1 Summary 5
4.2 Evaluation 5
4.3 Future Work 5
References 6
Appendix 1 7
List of Figures
Figure 1. T 3
Introduction
This graduation project has two separate channels using microcontroller is based on the principle of controlling the applied voltage. In this thesis I used pic16f877a chip.a voltage of 9 volts to 5 volts from the voltage regulator by the first transformer is lowered, and we’ll give you 5 volts VDD at the end of a bitch. Then this comes to the end of 9 volt VSS LCD, and the LCD works. Then two separate two separate voltage is applied from the terminal, the microprocessor makes this comparison.
When this comparison is made using the voltage from the PWM module 16 the bastard’s leg as a percentage of a square wave consists of between 1 per cent and 100 per cent. Minimum PWM frequency is 1kHz and 20 kHz is applied to between the ranges. Integrated crystal oscillator frequency 10 MHz microprocessor.
The measured ranges between 0 and 100 volts minimum voltage of this circuit. Also a reference voltage and a voltage on both at the time when the voltage pulse width modulation, i.e., we can make the square wave is zero. We can also directly apply 100 volts from a separate entrance.
When we apply two separate voltage from both terminals, this voltage can be set with the potentiometer. Also we can adjust the calibration by using two other wise. As a result, this thesis also a pic by using two separate voltage we can achieve by making a comparison of the status of the PWM according to the situation.
Scope and Objectives
The scope of this project and purpose by programming the microprocessor may be any device or comparator circuits providing control of the device, such as a motor or systematically runs.But the project by providing a measurement of the voltage of the comparison voltage at the lower and upper limits and can give us the proper information through any two pic.
Also with this project by generating a square wave a square wave is produced at different rates according to the condition of the two voltages can we be that the “duty cycle”. A square of 50 percent if we want to Micro-128 proportionally 50 percent to us like when we write the C Program will give you a square wave.
Achievements
In this project, we briefly compared our data on two separate channels in PWM hardware the applied voltage can be achieved at different rates and the bastard that we have seen. Also in this circuit the PWM frequency ranges we can see
CHAPTER-1 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS DEFINITION
2 Transformer
Transformers the windings of the voltage that is applied to one of the other alternative via electromagnetic induction windings at the same frequency and the same power at different voltage and current values allows us to obtain, stationary electric machines. Usually used in power transmission and distribution transformers, as well as there are places where it is used in electronics. After the production of electricity in power plants where it will be used must be delivered to residential areas.
Figure-1: Transformator Schematic
This power loss occurs during transmission in the form of heat and voltage drop in the line. Or at least to bring them up to the level of conductive wires or the voltage increase of the cross section must be increased. The cost to increase the conductor size will be very large with very high levels by the introduction of voltage transformers, because this problem is solved. Is raised when current decreases when the voltage is constant power, thus heat because of the resistance to movement of the conductor and, consequently, the energy loss is reduced.
In Turkey, 220 V and 380 V low voltage networks medium voltage networks 10 kV, 15 kV and 33 kV, 66 kV and 154 kV high voltage networks, high voltage 380 kV networks are used. The energy produced in power plants low voltage transformers are used for converting the desired level of transmission and distribution lines. Transformers for electrical energy is converted to another voltage level voltage level, considering that the power is constant, the voltage rises when voltage drops when current drops or rises. Therefore, when a very high voltage is used in energy transmission lines can be reduced to quite small values of current.
2.1 Voltage Regulator-(LM7805)
A voltage regulator circuit that can be used in almost every circuit element. Typically, the microprocessor is an electronic circuit which provides 5 volts to the pic chip in. The voltage regulator lm7805 integrated between 9-12 volts when the voltage is applied to the input of the output steady 5 volts can be obtained. Voltage regulator consists of three legs. Input, output, and ground.1 leg of pic16f877a in this thesis is applied to integrated, and takes it to the pic chip. Finishing below shows the voltage regulator on the project.
Figure-2.This Project is LM7805
Leg of the voltage regulator 1 Input 2 input land a leg, with the legs 3 is output. This electronic circuit to the input of 9-12, 5 V is obtained at the output of the voltage applied to 24-36 in different ways. Lowered the voltage from the transformer is reduced to 9 volts in this project there is obtained 5 volts is applied to the output of the lm7805 No. 1 in the leg. This voltage is applied to the input at the bastard.
Figure-3. LM7805 p��nout diagram and connectors
2.2 LCD-(Liquid Crystal Display)
LCD liquid crystal display a liquid crystal display which is electrically polarized and the polarization of the light pass filter single-phase liquid is added to the front that can be seen with the eye based on the principle of display technology. Thermotropic liquid crystals in the LCD according to the structure of matter temperature and liyotropik and more can be found. Nematic phase liquid crystals, thermotropic liquid crystals, which is a sub group, what matik curling (twisted neumaticos – TN) is called a variant of the voltage of the current applied, depending on what will become the flat position matik not so curly. What MATIC liquid crystals, LCDs, liquid crystal phase is possible. LCDs should be polarized light, polarized light should be able to pass liquid crystals, the molecular alignment of the liquid crystal must be replaced with an electric current and an electrically conductive structure. Below shows the shape of the LCD screen.
Figure-4-Lcd 2*16 this shape.
Robot LCD panels for use in projects or automation projects using a pic microcontroller, you can control your computer’s serial or parallel port or. According to the number of rows and columns in the LCD panel market, 1×8, 2×8, 1×16, 2×16, 1×20, 2×20, 1×40, 2×40, such as are available in different sizes. Among these robot projects widely 2×16-sized LCD panels are used. Produced today in the majority of the LCD panel in a single row 16 pin location. The first 14 of the last two if this pin to control the backlight is used. Some LCD ‘s that is used to control pin 14 2 7 ranks can be found.This graduation Project 2*16 lcd using the LCD the purpose of better programming.Also the LCD seven-segment display is more useful.So I used the LCD.
Figure-4.1.Lcd Pin Definitions
2.3 Zener diode
Zener diode, in general, composed of P and N semiconductor material, silicon diode structured a special variety. The main aim is to keep constant the voltage applied to the ends. Do not flow in this direction until the voltage exceeds a certain value. This zener voltage (refraction) is called the voltage and is expressed in the VZ. Zener diode symbol shows below
Figure-5-Zener Diode Symbol
The circuit operates like a normal diode when it is bound to be the correct polarmal. However, in the case of reverse bias, Zener voltage and is connected electrically to the element that works on the principle of protection.So often connects to reverse Zener diodes for protection purposes. Zener diode symbol below shows.In this project, the use of Zener diodes voltage 100 volts 100 volts to 0 so we can apply also to stabilize the voltage was used. shows the operating characteristics of the Zener diode. he Zener voltages of Zener diodes typically have been defined by also. When Zener diode Zener 30V corresponds to the voltage of said 30V. For example, my project has a Zener voltage of 100 volts when I mean it.
Figure-5-1 Zener diode characteristics
2.4 Led-(Light Emitting Diode)
LED (light emitting diode) P-N-semiconductor to emit light in the direction of transmission and kutuplandig if a function is designed. This light red, green, yellow, or infra-red may be of various colors such as. As in a normal diode, the LED has a threshold voltage of little value. When this threshold is exceeded the function to transmit the voltage resistance decreases and the current begins. Use of LEDs with a resistor in the circuit the current should be limited. Depends on the amount of current passing through the light emitted by the LEDs. This current may be a direct current or pulsed current. Nowadays LEDs are usually operated in a pulsed regime. The reason for this is desired in the pulse regime, the light intensity is obtained. The LED gives light when current is applied in the direction of transmission.Below is seen a symbol of a LED diode.
Figure-6 Led Diode Symbol
Typical rise and fall times of LEDs lies in the order of nanoseconds. This is a fast answer for optoelectronic systems, high-speed switching is used as the transmitter beam. The operating life of the LEDs is very long. Working hours to 100,000 hours.
Figure-6.1-Led Diode Characteristics
Making light of the LEDs and Electrical Characteristics p-n and plugging in the direction of the gate with a voltage applied in the forward direction in the case of the recombination of the electrons is based on real events. The operation of the LEDs is based on the principle of converting electrical energy into the optical light. The spectrum of the light emitted from the LEDs is located in the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. LEDs are Semiconductors that makes kutuplandig in the direction of transmission of electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of this radiation depends on the material used and the additives. Microprocessor are typically used for projects led.
2.6 Diode
The basic building block of electronic circuit elements of the semiconductor diodes. All transistors, logic gates, integrated circuits are manufactured from a combination of diodes. In general, diode, current pass in one direction, the other direction to flow in electronic circuits. In short, that allows current to pass through in only one direction through the element.Below is seen a symbol diode. I used two 1n4007 diodes in the graduation project.We aimed to apply 100 volts to the purpose of use.
Figure-7 The Diode Symbol
If the diode is polarized correctly, i.e., the anode is positive (+) and a negative voltage is applied to the cathode over becomes conductive if the voltage applied, and the heat in direct proportion to the amount of current starts to flow.The maximum that can be applied depending on the structure of each diode is manufactured correct bias voltage, operating temperature, tape and the amount of current that can pass through when it is manufactured, prepared stated in the catalog. These values should not be exceeded.Below shows the operating characteristics of the diode.
Figure-7-1-Diode characteristic
2.7 Potantiometer
Potentiometer, the resistance value is changed on the outside of physical interventions. One with a higher current rating of the potentiometer rheostat is called stronger.A resistive element made of carbon or a carbon content of more potentiometers.Rheostat with chrome-nickel resistance wire is made from.It is used to divide the voltage or the current limit potentiometer in the circuit.Two separate voltage with a potentiometer in my project my graduation in two separate two 220 K from 0 to 100% increase.Below shows the symbol of the potentiometer.
Figure-8 Potantiometer Symbols
The adjustment process adjustment potentiometer on the arm (shaft) is done through. Thus, the level of electricity electronic devices through the user the desired setting in each case, the potentiometer is used. Potentiometer (adjustable resistance) a (rheostat) is a variety of. The sliding resistance of the potentiometer is the simplest meaning of a kind. The other is that the resistance value of the resistance value can be changed. The resistance value of the sliding potentiometer is very high.
2.8 Tr��mmer-(10K)
Electronic circuits and the setting of potentiometer or trimmer won’t change for a long time with a screwdriver adjustable potentiometer is called wise. A wise has three legs. When used as a voltage divider typically, the supply voltage to a trimmer leg and the movable leg, the other leg is used to retrieve the output are connected to ground. If such a variable is to be used as the variable resistance is connected to the ends of the earth if three. In my project I used two 10K two wise. The purpose of these two trimmer two separate channels, I’ll measure the voltage for calibration purposes for are used. Such a symbol is seen below
Figure-8 Trimpot Symbol and Schematic
It is not recommended to leave idle for any leg of the trimmer in this case because as a wise connected load changes, the voltage varies a lot. Ultimately, even the slightest deviation from the full set of such resistance, the voltage divider can do as good a job.
2.9 Capac��tors
Structurally it consists of a capacitor insulator placed between two conductive plates. Conductive dielectric between the plates is called the power of proof in the sense that poured to the substance. A capacitor as a dielectric substance; mica, paper, polyester, metal, paper, ceramic, tantalum, etc. materials can be used. Electrolytic and tantalum capacitors thing we could do, and therefore only DC-powered circuits, they can be used. Non-polar capacitors in circuits with DC or AC can be used. In my project, I used two ceramic capacitor electrolyte capacitor of the capacitor and the other someone.
Figure-9 Capacitor Symbols
2.9.1 Ceramic Capacitor
This ceramic is used as a dielectric material in a capacitor. The same amount of capacity ceramic capacitors, paper capacitors in much smaller sizes than can be obtained. Ceramic capacitors are physically manufactured in tube or disk format. A disc-shaped ceramic capacitors ‘capacitor is referred to as lentils.
Figure-9.1 Ceramic Capacitor Circuit
2.9.2 Electrolyte capacitor
Boraksli electrolytes in electrolytic capacitors as a dielectric material boric acid solution or services. Aluminum or tantalum plates are conductive plates. Electrolytic capacitors polar or non-polar as are produced. When connecting to the terminals of the capacitors to the plus and minus pole of the DC circuits should be considered.
2.10 Bridge Diode
The bridge rectifier is to convert alternating current to direct current my fastest and economical way.The correct voltage is applied to the input diode bridge that converts the voltage of the alternative.The same structure of the diode Bridge connected in suitable manner with a normal PN diode, which have four combinations is obtained.Two or four diodes Bridge says there are varieties.The input and output legs for ease of connection a socket connection can be made in the way that is ejected to the outside.
Figure-10 Bridge Diode Symbol
One diode, two diodes of the diode Bridge full-wave rectifier circuits used in the production of transformer triple middle.Three-legged open her legs on the edge of whether these diodes, the DC output from the legs in the middle.Today, these diodes has been used very little.Diode Bridge seen in the picture below.In my project, it says 100 volts DC AC voltage from the transformer and Zener to fix it is to turn through.
Figure-10.1 Bridge Diode Symbol
2.11 Crystal Oscillator
The Frequency Stability of the oscillator is very important. The ability to remain at a fixed frequency from an oscillator “Frequency Stability” is called. RC and LC oscillators and Frequency Stability is not good. The transmitter circuit Frequency Stability frequency crystal controlled oscillators are used for which is best allocated. An oscillator in RC or LC, L, C and R values, the variations in transistor amplifiers, the static operating point, changes in the stability of the frequency due to environmental changes such as temperature and humidity varies.10 MHz crystal oscillator 1 of my graduation in my project.
Figure-11 Crystal Oscillator Symbol
Crystal, the piezoelectric effect is a component that works with. The property exhibits natural crystal piezoelectric elements; quartz (quartz), Rochelle salt, tourmaline. Usually when Rochelle salt crystal microphone is used in the oscillator due to the Frequency Stability of quartz is used. Mechanical pressure between the opposing faces of the quartz crystal when a voltage is applied on one side occurs.
Figure-11-1-Crystal Oscillator
2.12 Res��stor
Resistance to electronic current limiting and voltage dividing circuits, a two-pronged element. Briefly resistance; the difficulty of showing the flow of electrical current, we can say. Their intended use; the current limit, the voltage lowering circuit of the load and the current set of substances such as can give examples. Resistors used in electronic circuits, various film materials and alloys (e.g. nickel-chromium alloys, such as high resistant) and are made from materials such as wire. Virtually all electronic circuits Analog integrated circuits from the digital circuits. Below shows the symbol of the resistance.
Figure-12 Resistor Circuit
There are two important parameter of the resistance. These are, it should be recalled that the value of the resistor and the power of resistance. The market value of a few ohms of resistance megohms are produced to order. It should be recalled that in the market, the values and the various power resistors. It should be recalled that with the value of the resistor, there is no relationship between the physical size. with a value of 100 �� resistor 1 M�� resistor can be a value of the same size. Determines the size of the resistor elements is the power of resistance. High power resistor sizes too big. My graduation project 11th one resistor.
Figure-12.1 Resistor circuit-2
CHAPTER 2 MICROCONTROLLER AND PWM
3 MICROCONTROLLER
3.1 What is the Microcontroller
Microprocessor, memory and input and output units throughout the structure that holds the microcomputer; an integrated circuit chip that contains the CPU, the microprocessor is called. In fact, the simplest computers with microprocessors, and are reviewed in Section 3 The basic.
CPU-(Central Processing Unit)
Memory
Hardware-(input and output units)
Figure-13 Microcontroller Block Diagram
3.1.2 Cpu-(Central Processing Unit)
CPUS, microprocessors, and is known as the brain of the computer and data processing part of the data flow between the various units of fulfilling tasks. The lower unit of the CPU of the control part performs the data flow. Read from the memory and decodes the commands by the command performs the specified operation. Most of the data processing in the CPU Alu (arithmetic logic unit) is performed. Numeric arithmetic functions, logical operations, and control are among the basic functions of the CPU. The information temporarily stored in the CPU register. Registers within the CPU 8,16,32 or 64-bit. The blog below shows a diagram CPU.
Figure 14 Cpu-(Central Processing Unit Diagram)
The requested command to read the content of the program counter on ways to address this, is to call and find. Within the CPU, the command decoder(instruction decoder unit is also available. By interpreting the meaning of the incoming command to the CPU, this unit acts as a kind of dictionary. Generates control signals according to the meaning of the command.
3.1.3 Memory
The instructions and data of the memory where the program is first loaded. The program is based on commands and data hiding here. Directly access the CPU memory units are called. For this reason, often known as a memory element, the memory element so that the hardware isn’t actually an element of Environmental Science harddisk.
Figure-15 Typical Memory is Schematic
RAM (random access memory) temporary memory means and the random access memory by the computer while programs are running. Shut down the computer in case of data is lost. ROM (read only memory) read-only memory means. ROM information in the event of any power interruption is continuous and the information will not be lost. We can give you the BIOS as the Roman example. The first working of the pcs program.
3.1.4 BUS-(Connection Paths)
CPU, memory and input/output devices to the information on the computer connections and allows it to be transported from one place to another. The address of each computer,a data bus and a Control Bus including 3 kinds of.
Figure 16.BUS-Connection Paths
3.1.5 Adres Bus
The source and destination of the data addresses. Address BUS width determines the maximum memory capacity of the system. For example, in a 16-bit microprocessor BUS adress max memory 64 kilobytes. Adress of the path width is a combination of more than one process at the same time deliberate. For example, if the path width 8-bit 256 pieces address adress. Intel’s 8086 processor, this width 20 bit, PENT��UM II 36 bits. Adress uses more RAM and processor expands the path Buddha will cause an increase in performance. Adress Bus, one-way.
3.1.6 Data Bus
Microprocessor by memory or output units send data or from memory or input are used once the unit of memory data. Carry data and this data could be a command or data. The data path width affect the computer’s performance. The ability to read data at the same time increases your speed. For example ��ntel 8085 microprocessor data path width models of 8 bit, PENTIUM is at 64 bits. The parallel wire can be defined as channels of communication. Data paths is two-fold.
3.1.7 Reg��ster
The register is in the cpu memory units. The more the merrier. Widths vary according to the cpu. Requires a certain time to reach the in-memory data. But when asked to register are processor kernel and waste a lot of time before content can be used. The following register block diagram. Expressed by a limited number of General according to the intended use and or can be used as special-purpose. Expressed by 32 bit (EAX, EBX, ECX), 16-bit (AH, BH, CH, etc.).
Figure 17 Register Block Diagram
4 PIC-(PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE CONTROLLER)
4.1.What is the Pic Microcontroller
Microchip produces, the name of the Peripheral Interface Controller (environmental control unit interface) statement from the PIC, input-output (input-output i/o) operations that are designed to perform a very fast chip. For the purposes of the work of the PIC microcontrollers fast RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) processors have been designed as well. I mean this quite a few number of commands in the microcontroller. Commands are processed in a single cycle, increasing the speed from the microcontroller. PIC16 microcontrollers “goto” and “call”, as well as routing commands are processed in a single cycle, all commands other than
Harvard architecture is used in the architecture of the PIC Microcontroller. Harvard in the architecture of the program and data storage memory are separate from each other. In this case, the program uses the same structure to store data and Von Neumann architecture according to the microcontroller is a little more expensive over time, even if it means they are advances in technology that eliminates the price difference. Program memory data memory static RAM used in, rather than the flash memory used in h��zl��dr. For this reason, the Harvard architecture microcontrollers is much faster.
4.1.1 PIC Microcontrollers Memory Types
EPROM ( Erasable Programmable Memory )
Sign up with EPROM memory electrical signal. If you installed the program to change the EPROM eraser to wipe out devices with ultraviolet light exposure.
EEPROG ( Electrically Erasable Programmable Memory )
Microchip’s FLASH memory, also termed this memory is different than the type of EPROM memory quickly with the side of the electrical signal is the opportunity to do the deletion.
4.1.2 Why PIC Microcontroller is preferred
A wide range of mass produced about programming with the PIC used by software and hardware is too much, and easy to find. Simple electronic circuit elements can be prepared using the equipment (programming cards) can be programmed. In the case that the reset and clock signal and power circuits is very simple.
4.1.3 PIC 16F877A
8 kbytes of FLASH Program Memory
368 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
256 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
33 input or outputs pins
20 Mhz operating speed(200 ns instruction cycle)
Max 25 mA Current from an output pin
4.1.4 Programming Pic 16F877A
C code (mikroC PRO for PIC)
mikroC PRO for PIC convert to Hexadecimal
paralel port
seri port
Figure 18 Pic16f877a pin connection
Figure 19 PIC16876A/877A register file map
Figure 20 PIC16F877A Chip
5 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION-(PWM)
Stands for Pulse Width Modulation, so that the signal width modulation techniques, signal processing or signal transmission more electronic circuits as well as Arduino or electrical machines located on the custom application areas such as technique. Also PIC is integrated, so you can be manufactured in Hpwm pwm module. In its simplest form can be defined as a signal modulation technique. Suitable for the transport of the signal information in addition to the purpose of power control and won’t fade, electric machines, solar battery charging units as our aim is to support private circuits. Also dc motor control, servo motor control in pwm motor control technique is like.
Two-channel dc voltmeter project located within the integrated pwm module used in the pic.Pwm is technique used to generate output signal using digital signals.It is commonly used to control average power delivered to a load, motor speed control generating analog coltage levels and for generating analog waveforms.CCP Modules arae available with a number of PIC Microcontrollers.CCP stands for Capture/Compare/PWM.Using PWM module is far more easier and cost effective than using extra chips for PWM which makes our task every simple.
The Foundation produces square wave PWM technique. This square wave is usually in reference to the average of the wave took up in size. In addition, the size of the waves in the system is directly proportional to the size of the task cycle.
Figure 21 A variety of Signals Obtained with the Arduino PWM Technique
Figure-22 Pwm is isis % 50 Duty Cycle-(128)
Figure-23 Pwm is isis % 75 Duty Cycle-(192)
Figure 24 Pwm is isis % 25 Duty Cycle-(64)
5.1 MicroC Pwm Functions
PWM1_Init(constant long frequency) : This function initializes the PWM module with duty ratio 0. Frequency parameter is the desired frequency in Hz. It should be a numeric constant, should not be a variable.
PWM1_Set_Duty(unsigned short duty_ratio): This function is used to set the duty cycle of the PWM. The parameter duty_ratio takes values from 0 to 255, ie 0 means 0% , 127 means 50% and 255 means 100% duty cycle. The PWM1_Init() routine must be called before using this.
PWM1_Start() : This function starts the PWM output. PWM1_Init() must be called before calling this routine.
PWM1_Stop() : This function stops the PWM output. PWM1_Init() must be called before calling this routine
Figure 25 Using Internal PWM Module PIC Microcontroller Circuit Diagram
5.1.2 CCP(CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM)
The Foundation produces square wave PWM technique. This square wave is usually in reference to the average of the wave took up in size. In addition, the size of the waves in the system is directly proportional to the size of the task cycle. General of CCP operations CCP is controlled with the X CON register.
Figure 26 Ccp Recorders
Figure 27 CCP X CON Register
5.1.3 Capture Mode
PIC can be seen within the capture volume way works in partnership with the Timer to 1. Capture unit of task capture. Modes each fall, each rising 4. or 16. How long’s it been doing to capture rising edge, the elapsed time Timer 1 timer install the special unit of recorder by taking from the CCP. Then they read the saved time necessary to CCP transactions.
Figure 28 Capture Section
5.1.4 Compare Mode
The compare part of the pic is used in comparison operations within. as can be seen in the shape to work jointly with Timer1. Here is the general rationale for the study. First Timer 1 and the compare mode, adjustments are made. Then, CCPRxH and CCPRxL are installed in the desired number get caught into the recorder. Then, typically is used to feed an external source timer 1.Timer 1 with recorder CCPRx recorder is equal to each other with cutting flag is set.
Figure 29 Compare Section
CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
6 PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)
6.1 What is the PCB
PCB printed circuit board plaque. Electrical and electronic components are provided with the help of the solder connections with each other of the elements is fixed on a perforated pertinaks which ensures that the plaque. It is found in a variety of sizes. The perforated plate is called. Thanks to the soldered onto the copper structure behind. The circuit below the pressure circuit drawing.
Figure 30 PCB Two Channel voltmeter Circuit Design
6.2 Pcb 3D Circuit Design
rst Subsectio
n
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First Sub-subsection
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About Equations
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H(z) H ��(z)=H ��(z)H(z)=I. (1)
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Technical Diagram
Results
Computer Simulated Results
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multirate adaptive filter, we first present the results of a simple simulation in which ‘.
Academic Honesty and Plagiarism
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Conclusion
Summary
Summarise what you have achieved.
Evaluation
Give a brief evaluation of what you have achieved and how well you have met the objectives. Evaluate your achievements against your objectives in section 1.2. Demonstrate that you have undertaken the project in a professional manner.
(The previous paragraph demonstrates the use of automatic cross-references: The ‘1.2’ is a cross-reference to the text in a numbered item of the document, it is not literal text but a field. The number that appears here will change automatically if the number on the referred-to section is altered, for example if a chapter or section is added or deleted before it. Cross-references are entered using Word’s Insert menu. Cross-references are set to update automatically when printed, but may not do so on-screen beforehand; you can update a field manually on-screen by right-clicking on it and selecting Update field from the pop-up menu.)
Future Work
Explain any limitations in your results and how things might be improved. Discuss how your work might be developed further. Reflect on your results in isolation and in relation to what others have achieved in the same field. This self-analysis is particularly important. You should give a critical evaluation of what went well, and what might be improved.
References
Use the Reference paragraph style to enter and cross-reference document references in the following format for: books [1], standards [2], reports [3], journal articles [4], conference papers [5], and web pages [6]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]'[3]. Note that Wikipedia or How Stuff Works are not academic references, and should NOT be reference as such. Recommended sources for reviewing the literature on your chosen topic:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
http://www.sciencedirect.com
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe
P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate Systems and Filter Banks, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993.
ISO. Some Specification, ISO 9036, International Organization for Standardisation, Geneva, 1991.
A. B. Smith, Bayesian inference applied as a framework for bioinformatics, Cambridge Report 2011/03, Dept. of Computer Eng., University of Cambridge, UK, 2001.
A. Tkacenko, ‘Approximate Eigenvalue Decomposition of Para-Hermitian Systems Through Successive FIR Paraunitary Transformations,’ IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Process., Dallas, TX, Mar. 2010, pp. 4074’4077.
E. Samedaei, H. Vahedi, A. Sheikholeslami, S. Lesan, ‘Using STF-PQ algorithm and hysteresis current control in hybrid active power filter to eliminate source current harmonic,’ Power Quality Conference 2010, pp.1-6, 14-15 Sept. 2010.
S. Biricik, KKTC’de ruzgar enerjisinin elekritsel uygulamalari, Kibris Turk Elektrik Muhendisleri Odasi, Lefkosa, KKTC, URL: http://www.ktemo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=126, May 2012.
Appendix 1
You may have one or more appendices containing detailed reference material that is relevant, but treated as supplementary to the main text. For example, theoretical proofs, short program listings, additional specifications, tables or diagrams that would otherwise distract the reader if placed in the main part of the dissertation. This type of material is placed in an Appendix. Make sure that you place appropriate cross-references in the main text to direct the reader to the relevant appendices.
Note that you should not include program listings of more than 200 lines as an appendix or appendices. You should submit one copy of such bulky text as a separate item, perhaps as a separate supplementary document or on a CD.
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF LEFKE
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER AND PWM
by
Dursun Emre KALPAK
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
17.08.2015
Supervisor:
Assist. Prof. Dr Samet B��R��C��K
To my parents,
Hayati and Aysel KALPAK
Abstract
In this thesis, the microprocessor with dc voltmeter checking the voltage applied to the two separate entrance with based on the principle of. I plan to use the IC as a pic16f877a microcontroller. In summary, if I open the circuit when the voltage applied to the principle of two separate working voltage depending on the status of the pulse width modulation from the ayriyet that is a square wave. Square wave in the range of 1-20 Khz frequency range of frequency, it is now possible to integrate pic16f877a. We can see these two separate voltage on the lcd.
This project today, so pwm dc motor with control or servo motor control led brightness can be controlled electronic elements such as. In the future, more advanced stages can be controlled with the pic. Also taking advantage of the hardware and software integrated pwm module pic16f877a pwm. This voltmeter from 0 to 100 Volts measurement. Can be adjusted with two separate potentiometer.
Declaration
I understand the nature of plagiarism, and I am aware of the University’s policy on this.I certify that this dissertation reports original work by me during my University project except for the following (adjust accordingly):
The PIC-C code taken help Mr Ahmet G’�L��O��LU
The details about devices and parameters are taken from datasheets
The using mikroC PRO taken help Mr. Hakan NOYAN
Signature Date:
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Samet B��R��C��K who has given me plenty encouragement, support and guidance. My cousin is high Electronic Engineer Mr Hakan NOYAN deserves special thanks for help and his constant motivation thorughout this thesis. I am also thankful for the constributions and comments the teaching staff of the Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, especially Assist. Prof. Dr. Soydan RED��F, Assist. Prof. Dr. H��seyin ADEMG��L and Assist. Prof. Dr. Y��nal KIRSAL for their and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ARCA and Assist. Prof. Dr. Server KASAP for their great advice.
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Declaration 4
Acknowledgements 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Figures 7
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Context 1
1.2 Scope and Objectives 1
1.3 Achievements 1
1.4 Overview of Dissertation 1
2 Technical Chapters (write as appropriate) 2
2.1 First Section 2
2.1.1 First Subsection 2
2.1.1.1 First Sub-subsection 2
2.1.2 About Equations 3
2.2 About Figures 3
3 Results 4
3.1 Computer Simulated Results 4
3.2 Academic Honesty and Plagiarism 4
4 Conclusion 5
4.1 Summary 5
4.2 Evaluation 5
4.3 Future Work 5
References 6
Appendix 1 7
List of Figures
Figure 1. T 3
Introduction
This graduation project has two separate channels using microcontroller is based on the principle of controlling the applied voltage. In this thesis I used pic16f877a chip.a voltage of 9 volts to 5 volts from the voltage regulator by the first transformer is lowered, and we’ll give you 5 volts VDD at the end of a bitch. Then this comes to the end of 9 volt VSS LCD, and the LCD works. Then two separate two separate voltage is applied from the terminal, the microprocessor makes this comparison.
When this comparison is made using the voltage from the PWM module 16 the bastard’s leg as a percentage of a square wave consists of between 1 per cent and 100 per cent. Minimum PWM frequency is 1kHz and 20 kHz is applied to between the ranges. Integrated crystal oscillator frequency 10 MHz microprocessor.
The measured ranges between 0 and 100 volts minimum voltage of this circuit. Also a reference voltage and a voltage on both at the time when the voltage pulse width modulation, i.e., we can make the square wave is zero. We can also directly apply 100 volts from a separate entrance.
When we apply two separate voltage from both terminals, this voltage can be set with the potentiometer. Also we can adjust the calibration by using two other wise. As a result, this thesis also a pic by using two separate voltage we can achieve by making a comparison of the status of the PWM according to the situation.
Scope and Objectives
The scope of this project and purpose by programming the microprocessor may be any device or comparator circuits providing control of the device, such as a motor or systematically runs.But the project by providing a measurement of the voltage of the comparison voltage at the lower and upper limits and can give us the proper information through any two pic.
Also with this project by generating a square wave a square wave is produced at different rates according to the condition of the two voltages can we be that the “duty cycle”. A square of 50 percent if we want to Micro-128 proportionally 50 percent to us like when we write the C Program will give you a square wave.
Achievements
In this project, we briefly compared our data on two separate channels in PWM hardware the applied voltage can be achieved at different rates and the bastard that we have seen. Also in this circuit the PWM frequency ranges we can see
CHAPTER-1 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS DEFINITION
2 Transformer
Transformers the windings of the voltage that is applied to one of the other alternative via electromagnetic induction windings at the same frequency and the same power at different voltage and current values allows us to obtain, stationary electric machines. Usually used in power transmission and distribution transformers, as well as there are places where it is used in electronics. After the production of electricity in power plants where it will be used must be delivered to residential areas.
Figure-1: Transformator Schematic
This power loss occurs during transmission in the form of heat and voltage drop in the line. Or at least to bring them up to the level of conductive wires or the voltage increase of the cross section must be increased. The cost to increase the conductor size will be very large with very high levels by the introduction of voltage transformers, because this problem is solved. Is raised when current decreases when the voltage is constant power, thus heat because of the resistance to movement of the conductor and, consequently, the energy loss is reduced.
In Turkey, 220 V and 380 V low voltage networks medium voltage networks 10 kV, 15 kV and 33 kV, 66 kV and 154 kV high voltage networks, high voltage 380 kV networks are used. The energy produced in power plants low voltage transformers are used for converting the desired level of transmission and distribution lines. Transformers for electrical energy is converted to another voltage level voltage level, considering that the power is constant, the voltage rises when voltage drops when current drops or rises. Therefore, when a very high voltage is used in energy transmission lines can be reduced to quite small values of current.
2.1 Voltage Regulator-(LM7805)
A voltage regulator circuit that can be used in almost every circuit element. Typically, the microprocessor is an electronic circuit which provides 5 volts to the pic chip in. The voltage regulator lm7805 integrated between 9-12 volts when the voltage is applied to the input of the output steady 5 volts can be obtained. Voltage regulator consists of three legs. Input, output, and ground.1 leg of pic16f877a in this thesis is applied to integrated, and takes it to the pic chip. Finishing below shows the voltage regulator on the project.
Figure-2.This Project is LM7805
Leg of the voltage regulator 1 Input 2 input land a leg, with the legs 3 is output. This electronic circuit to the input of 9-12, 5 V is obtained at the output of the voltage applied to 24-36 in different ways. Lowered the voltage from the transformer is reduced to 9 volts in this project there is obtained 5 volts is applied to the output of the lm7805 No. 1 in the leg. This voltage is applied to the input at the bastard.
Figure-3. LM7805 p��nout diagram and connectors
2.2 LCD-(Liquid Crystal Display)
LCD liquid crystal display a liquid crystal display which is electrically polarized and the polarization of the light pass filter single-phase liquid is added to the front that can be seen with the eye based on the principle of display technology. Thermotropic liquid crystals in the LCD according to the structure of matter temperature and liyotropik and more can be found. Nematic phase liquid crystals, thermotropic liquid crystals, which is a sub group, what matik curling (twisted neumaticos – TN) is called a variant of the voltage of the current applied, depending on what will become the flat position matik not so curly. What MATIC liquid crystals, LCDs, liquid crystal phase is possible. LCDs should be polarized light, polarized light should be able to pass liquid crystals, the molecular alignment of the liquid crystal must be replaced with an electric current and an electrically conductive structure. Below shows the shape of the LCD screen.
Figure-4-Lcd 2*16 this shape.
Robot LCD panels for use in projects or automation projects using a pic microcontroller, you can control your computer’s serial or parallel port or. According to the number of rows and columns in the LCD panel market, 1×8, 2×8, 1×16, 2×16, 1×20, 2×20, 1×40, 2×40, such as are available in different sizes. Among these robot projects widely 2×16-sized LCD panels are used. Produced today in the majority of the LCD panel in a single row 16 pin location. The first 14 of the last two if this pin to control the backlight is used. Some LCD ‘s that is used to control pin 14 2 7 ranks can be found.This graduation Project 2*16 lcd using the LCD the purpose of better programming.Also the LCD seven-segment display is more useful.So I used the LCD.
Figure-4.1.Lcd Pin Definitions
2.3 Zener diode
Zener diode, in general, composed of P and N semiconductor material, silicon diode structured a special variety. The main aim is to keep constant the voltage applied to the ends. Do not flow in this direction until the voltage exceeds a certain value. This zener voltage (refraction) is called the voltage and is expressed in the VZ. Zener diode symbol shows below
Figure-5-Zener Diode Symbol
The circuit operates like a normal diode when it is bound to be the correct polarmal. However, in the case of reverse bias, Zener voltage and is connected electrically to the element that works on the principle of protection.So often connects to reverse Zener diodes for protection purposes. Zener diode symbol below shows.In this project, the use of Zener diodes voltage 100 volts 100 volts to 0 so we can apply also to stabilize the voltage was used. shows the operating characteristics of the Zener diode. he Zener voltages of Zener diodes typically have been defined by also. When Zener diode Zener 30V corresponds to the voltage of said 30V. For example, my project has a Zener voltage of 100 volts when I mean it.
Figure-5-1 Zener diode characteristics
2.4 Led-(Light Emitting Diode)
LED (light emitting diode) P-N-semiconductor to emit light in the direction of transmission and kutuplandig if a function is designed. This light red, green, yellow, or infra-red may be of various colors such as. As in a normal diode, the LED has a threshold voltage of little value. When this threshold is exceeded the function to transmit the voltage resistance decreases and the current begins. Use of LEDs with a resistor in the circuit the current should be limited. Depends on the amount of current passing through the light emitted by the LEDs. This current may be a direct current or pulsed current. Nowadays LEDs are usually operated in a pulsed regime. The reason for this is desired in the pulse regime, the light intensity is obtained. The LED gives light when current is applied in the direction of transmission.Below is seen a symbol of a LED diode.
Figure-6 Led Diode Symbol
Typical rise and fall times of LEDs lies in the order of nanoseconds. This is a fast answer for optoelectronic systems, high-speed switching is used as the transmitter beam. The operating life of the LEDs is very long. Working hours to 100,000 hours.
Figure-6.1-Led Diode Characteristics
Making light of the LEDs and Electrical Characteristics p-n and plugging in the direction of the gate with a voltage applied in the forward direction in the case of the recombination of the electrons is based on real events. The operation of the LEDs is based on the principle of converting electrical energy into the optical light. The spectrum of the light emitted from the LEDs is located in the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. LEDs are Semiconductors that makes kutuplandig in the direction of transmission of electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of this radiation depends on the material used and the additives. Microprocessor are typically used for projects led.
2.6 Diode
The basic building block of electronic circuit elements of the semiconductor diodes. All transistors, logic gates, integrated circuits are manufactured from a combination of diodes. In general, diode, current pass in one direction, the other direction to flow in electronic circuits. In short, that allows current to pass through in only one direction through the element.Below is seen a symbol diode. I used two 1n4007 diodes in the graduation project.We aimed to apply 100 volts to the purpose of use.
Figure-7 The Diode Symbol
If the diode is polarized correctly, i.e., the anode is positive (+) and a negative voltage is applied to the cathode over becomes conductive if the voltage applied, and the heat in direct proportion to the amount of current starts to flow.The maximum that can be applied depending on the structure of each diode is manufactured correct bias voltage, operating temperature, tape and the amount of current that can pass through when it is manufactured, prepared stated in the catalog. These values should not be exceeded.Below shows the operating characteristics of the diode.
Figure-7-1-Diode characteristic
2.7 Potantiometer
Potentiometer, the resistance value is changed on the outside of physical interventions. One with a higher current rating of the potentiometer rheostat is called stronger.A resistive element made of carbon or a carbon content of more potentiometers.Rheostat with chrome-nickel resistance wire is made from.It is used to divide the voltage or the current limit potentiometer in the circuit.Two separate voltage with a potentiometer in my project my graduation in two separate two 220 K from 0 to 100% increase.Below shows the symbol of the potentiometer.
Figure-8 Potantiometer Symbols
The adjustment process adjustment potentiometer on the arm (shaft) is done through. Thus, the level of electricity electronic devices through the user the desired setting in each case, the potentiometer is used. Potentiometer (adjustable resistance) a (rheostat) is a variety of. The sliding resistance of the potentiometer is the simplest meaning of a kind. The other is that the resistance value of the resistance value can be changed. The resistance value of the sliding potentiometer is very high.
2.8 Tr��mmer-(10K)
Electronic circuits and the setting of potentiometer or trimmer won’t change for a long time with a screwdriver adjustable potentiometer is called wise. A wise has three legs. When used as a voltage divider typically, the supply voltage to a trimmer leg and the movable leg, the other leg is used to retrieve the output are connected to ground. If such a variable is to be used as the variable resistance is connected to the ends of the earth if three. In my project I used two 10K two wise. The purpose of these two trimmer two separate channels, I’ll measure the voltage for calibration purposes for are used. Such a symbol is seen below
Figure-8 Trimpot Symbol and Schematic
It is not recommended to leave idle for any leg of the trimmer in this case because as a wise connected load changes, the voltage varies a lot. Ultimately, even the slightest deviation from the full set of such resistance, the voltage divider can do as good a job.
2.9 Capac��tors
Structurally it consists of a capacitor insulator placed between two conductive plates. Conductive dielectric between the plates is called the power of proof in the sense that poured to the substance. A capacitor as a dielectric substance; mica, paper, polyester, metal, paper, ceramic, tantalum, etc. materials can be used. Electrolytic and tantalum capacitors thing we could do, and therefore only DC-powered circuits, they can be used. Non-polar capacitors in circuits with DC or AC can be used. In my project, I used two ceramic capacitor electrolyte capacitor of the capacitor and the other someone.
Figure-9 Capacitor Symbols
2.9.1 Ceramic Capacitor
This ceramic is used as a dielectric material in a capacitor. The same amount of capacity ceramic capacitors, paper capacitors in much smaller sizes than can be obtained. Ceramic capacitors are physically manufactured in tube or disk format. A disc-shaped ceramic capacitors ‘capacitor is referred to as lentils.
Figure-9.1 Ceramic Capacitor Circuit
2.9.2 Electrolyte capacitor
Boraksli electrolytes in electrolytic capacitors as a dielectric material boric acid solution or services. Aluminum or tantalum plates are conductive plates. Electrolytic capacitors polar or non-polar as are produced. When connecting to the terminals of the capacitors to the plus and minus pole of the DC circuits should be considered.
2.10 Bridge Diode
The bridge rectifier is to convert alternating current to direct current my fastest and economical way.The correct voltage is applied to the input diode bridge that converts the voltage of the alternative.The same structure of the diode Bridge connected in suitable manner with a normal PN diode, which have four combinations is obtained.Two or four diodes Bridge says there are varieties.The input and output legs for ease of connection a socket connection can be made in the way that is ejected to the outside.
Figure-10 Bridge Diode Symbol
One diode, two diodes of the diode Bridge full-wave rectifier circuits used in the production of transformer triple middle.Three-legged open her legs on the edge of whether these diodes, the DC output from the legs in the middle.Today, these diodes has been used very little.Diode Bridge seen in the picture below.In my project, it says 100 volts DC AC voltage from the transformer and Zener to fix it is to turn through.
Figure-10.1 Bridge Diode Symbol
2.11 Crystal Oscillator
The Frequency Stability of the oscillator is very important. The ability to remain at a fixed frequency from an oscillator “Frequency Stability” is called. RC and LC oscillators and Frequency Stability is not good. The transmitter circuit Frequency Stability frequency crystal controlled oscillators are used for which is best allocated. An oscillator in RC or LC, L, C and R values, the variations in transistor amplifiers, the static operating point, changes in the stability of the frequency due to environmental changes such as temperature and humidity varies.10 MHz crystal oscillator 1 of my graduation in my project.
Figure-11 Crystal Oscillator Symbol
Crystal, the piezoelectric effect is a component that works with. The property exhibits natural crystal piezoelectric elements; quartz (quartz), Rochelle salt, tourmaline. Usually when Rochelle salt crystal microphone is used in the oscillator due to the Frequency Stability of quartz is used. Mechanical pressure between the opposing faces of the quartz crystal when a voltage is applied on one side occurs.
Figure-11-1-Crystal Oscillator
2.12 Res��stor
Resistance to electronic current limiting and voltage dividing circuits, a two-pronged element. Briefly resistance; the difficulty of showing the flow of electrical current, we can say. Their intended use; the current limit, the voltage lowering circuit of the load and the current set of substances such as can give examples. Resistors used in electronic circuits, various film materials and alloys (e.g. nickel-chromium alloys, such as high resistant) and are made from materials such as wire. Virtually all electronic circuits Analog integrated circuits from the digital circuits. Below shows the symbol of the resistance.
Figure-12 Resistor Circuit
There are two important parameter of the resistance. These are, it should be recalled that the value of the resistor and the power of resistance. The market value of a few ohms of resistance megohms are produced to order. It should be recalled that in the market, the values and the various power resistors. It should be recalled that with the value of the resistor, there is no relationship between the physical size. with a value of 100 �� resistor 1 M�� resistor can be a value of the same size. Determines the size of the resistor elements is the power of resistance. High power resistor sizes too big. My graduation project 11th one resistor.
Figure-12.1 Resistor circuit-2
CHAPTER 2 MICROCONTROLLER AND PWM
3 MICROCONTROLLER
3.1 What is the Microcontroller
Microprocessor, memory and input and output units throughout the structure that holds the microcomputer; an integrated circuit chip that contains the CPU, the microprocessor is called. In fact, the simplest computers with microprocessors, and are reviewed in Section 3 The basic.
CPU-(Central Processing Unit)
Memory
Hardware-(input and output units)
Figure-13 Microcontroller Block Diagram
3.1.2 Cpu-(Central Processing Unit)
CPUS, microprocessors, and is known as the brain of the computer and data processing part of the data flow between the various units of fulfilling tasks. The lower unit of the CPU of the control part performs the data flow. Read from the memory and decodes the commands by the command performs the specified operation. Most of the data processing in the CPU Alu (arithmetic logic unit) is performed. Numeric arithmetic functions, logical operations, and control are among the basic functions of the CPU. The information temporarily stored in the CPU register. Registers within the CPU 8,16,32 or 64-bit. The blog below shows a diagram CPU.
Figure 14 Cpu-(Central Processing Unit Diagram)
The requested command to read the content of the program counter on ways to address this, is to call and find. Within the CPU, the command decoder(instruction decoder unit is also available. By interpreting the meaning of the incoming command to the CPU, this unit acts as a kind of dictionary. Generates control signals according to the meaning of the command.
3.1.3 Memory
The instructions and data of the memory where the program is first loaded. The program is based on commands and data hiding here. Directly access the CPU memory units are called. For this reason, often known as a memory element, the memory element so that the hardware isn’t actually an element of Environmental Science harddisk.
Figure-15 Typical Memory is Schematic
RAM (random access memory) temporary memory means and the random access memory by the computer while programs are running. Shut down the computer in case of data is lost. ROM (read only memory) read-only memory means. ROM information in the event of any power interruption is continuous and the information will not be lost. We can give you the BIOS as the Roman example. The first working of the pcs program.
3.1.4 BUS-(Connection Paths)
CPU, memory and input/output devices to the information on the computer connections and allows it to be transported from one place to another. The address of each computer,a data bus and a Control Bus including 3 kinds of.
Figure 16.BUS-Connection Paths
3.1.5 Adres Bus
The source and destination of the data addresses. Address BUS width determines the maximum memory capacity of the system. For example, in a 16-bit microprocessor BUS adress max memory 64 kilobytes. Adress of the path width is a combination of more than one process at the same time deliberate. For example, if the path width 8-bit 256 pieces address adress. Intel’s 8086 processor, this width 20 bit, PENT��UM II 36 bits. Adress uses more RAM and processor expands the path Buddha will cause an increase in performance. Adress Bus, one-way.
3.1.6 Data Bus
Microprocessor by memory or output units send data or from memory or input are used once the unit of memory data. Carry data and this data could be a command or data. The data path width affect the computer’s performance. The ability to read data at the same time increases your speed. For example ��ntel 8085 microprocessor data path width models of 8 bit, PENTIUM is at 64 bits. The parallel wire can be defined as channels of communication. Data paths is two-fold.
3.1.7 Reg��ster
The register is in the cpu memory units. The more the merrier. Widths vary according to the cpu. Requires a certain time to reach the in-memory data. But when asked to register are processor kernel and waste a lot of time before content can be used. The following register block diagram. Expressed by a limited number of General according to the intended use and or can be used as special-purpose. Expressed by 32 bit (EAX, EBX, ECX), 16-bit (AH, BH, CH, etc.).
Figure 17 Register Block Diagram
4 PIC-(PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE CONTROLLER)
4.1.What is the Pic Microcontroller
Microchip produces, the name of the Peripheral Interface Controller (environmental control unit interface) statement from the PIC, input-output (input-output i/o) operations that are designed to perform a very fast chip. For the purposes of the work of the PIC microcontrollers fast RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) processors have been designed as well. I mean this quite a few number of commands in the microcontroller. Commands are processed in a single cycle, increasing the speed from the microcontroller. PIC16 microcontrollers “goto” and “call”, as well as routing commands are processed in a single cycle, all commands other than
Harvard architecture is used in the architecture of the PIC Microcontroller. Harvard in the architecture of the program and data storage memory are separate from each other. In this case, the program uses the same structure to store data and Von Neumann architecture according to the microcontroller is a little more expensive over time, even if it means they are advances in technology that eliminates the price difference. Program memory data memory static RAM used in, rather than the flash memory used in h��zl��dr. For this reason, the Harvard architecture microcontrollers is much faster.
4.1.1 PIC Microcontrollers Memory Types
EPROM ( Erasable Programmable Memory )
Sign up with EPROM memory electrical signal. If you installed the program to change the EPROM eraser to wipe out devices with ultraviolet light exposure.
EEPROG ( Electrically Erasable Programmable Memory )
Microchip’s FLASH memory, also termed this memory is different than the type of EPROM memory quickly with the side of the electrical signal is the opportunity to do the deletion.
4.1.2 Why PIC Microcontroller is preferred
A wide range of mass produced about programming with the PIC used by software and hardware is too much, and easy to find. Simple electronic circuit elements can be prepared using the equipment (programming cards) can be programmed. In the case that the reset and clock signal and power circuits is very simple.
4.1.3 PIC 16F877A
8 kbytes of FLASH Program Memory
368 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
256 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
33 input or outputs pins
20 Mhz operating speed(200 ns instruction cycle)
Max 25 mA Current from an output pin
4.1.4 Programming Pic 16F877A
C code (mikroC PRO for PIC)
mikroC PRO for PIC convert to Hexadecimal
paralel port
seri port
Figure 18 Pic16f877a pin connection
Figure 19 PIC16876A/877A register file map
Figure 20 PIC16F877A Chip
5 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION-(PWM)
Stands for Pulse Width Modulation, so that the signal width modulation techniques, signal processing or signal transmission more electronic circuits as well as Arduino or electrical machines located on the custom application areas such as technique. Also PIC is integrated, so you can be manufactured in Hpwm pwm module. In its simplest form can be defined as a signal modulation technique. Suitable for the transport of the signal information in addition to the purpose of power control and won’t fade, electric machines, solar battery charging units as our aim is to support private circuits. Also dc motor control, servo motor control in pwm motor control technique is like.
Two-channel dc voltmeter project located within the integrated pwm module used in the pic.Pwm is technique used to generate output signal using digital signals.It is commonly used to control average power delivered to a load, motor speed control generating analog coltage levels and for generating analog waveforms.CCP Modules arae available with a number of PIC Microcontrollers.CCP stands for Capture/Compare/PWM.Using PWM module is far more easier and cost effective than using extra chips for PWM which makes our task every simple.
The Foundation produces square wave PWM technique. This square wave is usually in reference to the average of the wave took up in size. In addition, the size of the waves in the system is directly proportional to the size of the task cycle.
Figure 21 A variety of Signals Obtained with the Arduino PWM Technique
Figure-22 Pwm is isis % 50 Duty Cycle-(128)
Figure-23 Pwm is isis % 75 Duty Cycle-(192)
Figure 24 Pwm is isis % 25 Duty Cycle-(64)
5.1 MicroC Pwm Functions
PWM1_Init(constant long frequency) : This function initializes the PWM module with duty ratio 0. Frequency parameter is the desired frequency in Hz. It should be a numeric constant, should not be a variable.
PWM1_Set_Duty(unsigned short duty_ratio): This function is used to set the duty cycle of the PWM. The parameter duty_ratio takes values from 0 to 255, ie 0 means 0% , 127 means 50% and 255 means 100% duty cycle. The PWM1_Init() routine must be called before using this.
PWM1_Start() : This function starts the PWM output. PWM1_Init() must be called before calling this routine.
PWM1_Stop() : This function stops the PWM output. PWM1_Init() must be called before calling this routine
Figure 25 Using Internal PWM Module PIC Microcontroller Circuit Diagram
5.1.2 CCP(CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM)
The Foundation produces square wave PWM technique. This square wave is usually in reference to the average of the wave took up in size. In addition, the size of the waves in the system is directly proportional to the size of the task cycle. General of CCP operations CCP is controlled with the X CON register.
Figure 26 Ccp Recorders
Figure 27 CCP X CON Register
5.1.3 Capture Mode
PIC can be seen within the capture volume way works in partnership with the Timer to 1. Capture unit of task capture. Modes each fall, each rising 4. or 16. How long’s it been doing to capture rising edge, the elapsed time Timer 1 timer install the special unit of recorder by taking from the CCP. Then they read the saved time necessary to CCP transactions.
Figure 28 Capture Section
5.1.4 Compare Mode
The compare part of the pic is used in comparison operations within. as can be seen in the shape to work jointly with Timer1. Here is the general rationale for the study. First Timer 1 and the compare mode, adjustments are made. Then, CCPRxH and CCPRxL are installed in the desired number get caught into the recorder. Then, typically is used to feed an external source timer 1.Timer 1 with recorder CCPRx recorder is equal to each other with cutting flag is set.
Figure 29 Compare Section
CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
6 PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)
6.1 What is the PCB
PCB printed circuit board plaque. Electrical and electronic components are provided with the help of the solder connections with each other of the elements is fixed on a perforated pertinaks which ensures that the plaque. It is found in a variety of sizes. The perforated plate is called. Thanks to the soldered onto the copper structure behind. The circuit below the pressure circuit drawing.
Figure 30 PCB Two Channel voltmeter Circuit Design
6.2 Pcb 3D Circuit Design
rst Subsectio
n
If necessary, also use subsections. Subsections are entered using the Heading 3 paragraph style (all these heading styles are self-numbering), which is an 11pt, bold, Times New Roman font.
First Sub-subsection
If you really need sub-subsections, enter these using the Heading 4 paragraph style, which is an 11pt Times New Roman font.
About Equations
And, as required, more subsections.
Equations should be placed as follows
H(z) H ��(z)=H ��(z)H(z)=I. (1)
It is possible to make cross-references to equations, for example, (1) is an equation that people in the adaptive filter banks community are very familiar with.
About Figures
As an example of a figure, consider self tuning filter in Figure 1. Captions are entered using the Figure paragraph style. The figure below is placed in a Body Centre paragraph, which is set up in this document to have an automatic Figure paragraph following it. Figure has automatic figure numbering, and it is possible to make cross-references to figures.
Format and save your graphic images using a Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) or Joint Photographic Exerts Group (JPEG), sizes them, and adjusts the resolution settings. If you created your source files in TIFF, you will be able to submit the high quality graphics in high quality to Microsoft Word, and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Place figure/table captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure/table has two parts, include the labels ‘(a)
‘ and ‘(b)’ as part of the figure. Please verify that the figures/tables you mention in the text actually exist. Do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in ‘text boxes’ linked to the figures. Do not put borders around the outside of your figures. Caption text size should be 11pt Times New Roman.
Technical Diagram
Results
Computer Simulated Results
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multirate adaptive filter, we first present the results of a simple simulation in which ‘.
Academic Honesty and Plagiarism
Cheating is copying from others or providing information, written or oral, to others. Plagiarism is copying without acknowledgement from other people’s work. According to the University bylaws cheating and plagiarism are serious offences punishable with disciplinary action ranging from simple failure from the exam or project, to more serious action, such as a letter of official warning suspension from the University for up to One Semester. Disciplinary action is written in student records and may appear in student transcripts.
Conclusion
Summary
Summarise what you have achieved.
Evaluation
Give a brief evaluation of what you have achieved and how well you have met the objectives. Evaluate your achievements against your objectives in section 1.2. Demonstrate that you have undertaken the project in a professional manner.
(The previous paragraph demonstrates the use of automatic cross-references: The ‘1.2’ is a cross-reference to the text in a numbered item of the document, it is not literal text but a field. The number that appears here will change automatically if the number on the referred-to section is altered, for example if a chapter or section is added or deleted before it. Cross-references are entered using Word’s Insert menu. Cross-references are set to update automatically when printed, but may not do so on-screen beforehand; you can update a field manually on-screen by right-clicking on it and selecting Update field from the pop-up menu.)
Future Work
Explain any limitations in your results and how things might be improved. Discuss how your work might be developed further. Reflect on your results in isolation and in relation to what others have achieved in the same field. This self-analysis is particularly important. You should give a critical evaluation of what went well, and what might be improved.
References
Use the Reference paragraph style to enter and cross-reference document references in the following format for: books [1], standards [2], reports [3], journal articles [4], conference papers [5], and web pages [6]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]'[3]. Note that Wikipedia or How Stuff Works are not academic references, and should NOT be reference as such. Recommended sources for reviewing the literature on your chosen topic:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
http://www.sciencedirect.com
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe
P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate Systems and Filter Banks, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993.
ISO. Some Specification, ISO 9036, International Organization for Standardisation, Geneva, 1991.
A. B. Smith, Bayesian inference applied as a framework for bioinformatics, Cambridge Report 2011/03, Dept. of Computer Eng., University of Cambridge, UK, 2001.
A. Tkacenko, ‘Approximate Eigenvalue Decomposition of Para-Hermitian Systems Through Successive FIR Paraunitary Transformations,’ IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Process., Dallas, TX, Mar. 2010, pp. 4074’4077.
E. Samedaei, H. Vahedi, A. Sheikholeslami, S. Lesan, ‘Using STF-PQ algorithm and hysteresis current control in hybrid active power filter to eliminate source current harmonic,’ Power Quality Conference 2010, pp.1-6, 14-15 Sept. 2010.
S. Biricik, KKTC’de ruzgar enerjisinin elekritsel uygulamalari, Kibris Turk Elektrik Muhendisleri Odasi, Lefkosa, KKTC, URL: http://www.ktemo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=126, May 2012.
Appendix 1
You may have one or more appendices containing detailed reference material that is relevant, but treated as supplementary to the main text. For example, theoretical proofs, short program listings, additional specifications, tables or diagrams that would otherwise distract the reader if placed in the main part of the dissertation. This type of material is placed in an Appendix. Make sure that you place appropriate cross-references in the main text to direct the reader to the relevant appendices.
Note that you should not include program listings of more than 200 lines as an appendix or appendices. You should submit one copy of such bulky text as a separate item, perhaps as a separate supplementary document or on a CD.