Essay: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CONTROLLED DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to develop the artificial neural network control algorithm for the control of DSTATCOM for the improvement of power quality. The presence of nonlinear loads makes the voltage to be deviated and current to be distorted from its sinusoidal waveform quality. Thus harmonics elimination, load balancing and voltage regulation is the heavy task that has to be accomplished to maintain the quality of the power. The performance of any device depends on the control algorithm used for the reference current estimation and gating pulse generation scheme. Thus the artificial neural network based Back Propagation (BP) algorithm has been proposed to generate the triggering pulses for the three phase H bridge inverter(DSTATCOM).The BP-based control algorithm is used for the extraction of fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components of load currents which are required for the estimation of reference source current. Based on the difference of the target voltage and the generated voltage, the triggering pulse for the inverter is obtained by the BP algorithm. Then the voltage is injected at the point of common coupling to compensate the reactive power. Thus by regulating the voltage and compensation of reactive power, the power quality can be improved. The simulation modelling of the Back propagation algorithm controlled DSTATCOM is presented in this paper.
Index Term: DSTATCOM, Artificial Neural Network, Back propagation (BP) control algorithm, Reference current Estimation, Power quality.
I. MOTIVATION
Power quality in distribution systems affects all the connected electrical and electronics equipment. It is a measure of deviations in voltage, current, frequency of a particular system and associated components. In recent years, use of power converters in adjustable speed drives, power supplies etc. is continuously increasing. This equipment draws harmonics currents from AC mains and increases the supply demands. These loads can be grouped as linear (lagging power factor loads), nonlinear (current or voltage source type of harmonic generating loads), unbalanced and mixed types of loads. Some of power quality problems associated with these loads include harmonics, high reactive power burden, load unbalancing, voltage variation etc.
A variety of custom power devices are developed and successfully implemented to compensate various power quality problems in a distribution system. These custom power devices are classified as the DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) and UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner). The DSTATCOM is a shunt-connected device, which can mitigate the current related power quality problems. The power quality at the PCC is governed by standards such as IEEE-519-1992, IEEE-1531-2003 and IEC- 61000, IECSC77A etc.
The effectiveness of DSTATCOM depends upon the used control algorithm for generating the switching signals for the voltage source converter and value of interfacing inductors. For the control of DSTATCOM, many control algorithms are reported in the literature based on the instantaneous reactive power theory, deadbeat or predictive control instantaneous symmetrical component theory nonlinear control technique , modified power balance theory, enhanced phase locked loop technique, Adaline control technique, synchronous reference frame control technique, ANN and fuzzy based controller, SVM based controller, correlation and cross-correlation coefficients based control algorithm etc.
In this Paper, the problem of power quality of voltage sag is detected by artificial neural network then trained data and neural network output simulated in neural network block set, then it will be mitigated using DSTATCOM with neural network control block. A feed forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been off-line trained to detect the initial time, the final time and the magnitude of voltage sags and swells. Besides, the designed system will be applied to detect transient voltage in electrical power systems. The performance of the designed measure method will be tested through a simulation platform designed in MATLAB/Simulink through the analysis of some practical cases.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The block diagram of the proposed system consists of the three phase supply supplying the nonlinear load, DSTATCOM block, interfacing inductor, and the DSTATCOM controller. The DSTATCOM controller used in this project is the Back Propagation method, which is the neural network controlled algorithm.
Figure: Block diagram of the proposed System
III. DSTATCOM
The D-STATCOM is a three phase and shunt connected power electronics based reactive power compensation equipment, which generates and /or absorbs the reactive power whose output can be varied so as to maintain control of specific parameters of the electric power system. The D-STATCOM basically consists of a coupling transformer with a leakage reactance, a three phase GTO/IGBT voltage source inverter (VSI), and a dc capacitor. The DSTATCOM topologies can be classified based on of switching devices, use of transformers for isolation, use of transformers for neutral current compensation.
The ac voltage difference across the leakage reactance power exchange between the D-STATCOM and the Power system, such that the AC voltages at the bus bar can be regulated to improve the voltage profile of the power system, which is primary duty of the D-STATCOM. However a secondary damping function can be added in to the D-STATCOM for enhancing power system oscillation stability. The D-STATCOM provides operating characteristics similar to a rotating Synchronous compensator without the mechanical inertia. The D-STATCOM employs solid state power switching devices and provides rapid controllability of the three phase voltages, both in magnitude and phase angle. The D-STATCOM employs an inverter to convert the DC link voltage Vdc on the capacitor to a voltage source of adjustable magnitude and phase. Therefore the D-STATCOM can be treated as a voltage controlled source. The D-STATCOM can also be seen as a current controlled source.
Figure: Circuit Diagram of VSC- Based DSTATCOM
A voltage source converter (VSC)-based DSTATCOM is connected to a three phase ac mains feeding three phase linear/nonlinear loads with internal grid impedance. The device is realized using six IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors) switches with anti-parallel diodes. Three phase loads may be a lagging power factor load or an unbalance load or a nonlinear load. For reducing ripples in compensating current, interfacing inductors are used at AC side of VSC. A RC filter is connected to the system in parallel with the load and the compensator to reduce switching ripples in the PCC voltage injected by switching of DSTATCOM. The performance of DSTATCOM depends upon the accuracy of harmonic current detection. For controlling the DSTATCOM, the Back propagation, a neural network based control algorithm is used.
The DSTATCOM is operated for the compensation of lagging power factor balanced load to correct the power factor at source side or to regulate the voltage at PCC. In ZVR mode, DSTATCOM injects currents to regulate the PCC voltage at the desired reference value of the voltage and the source currents may be leading or lagging currents depending on the reference value of PCC voltage.
The three basic operation modes of the D-STATCOM output current, I, which varies depending upon Vi.
Figure 7: Operation of DSTATCOM (a) No load mode (Vs=Vi),
(b) Capacitive mode, (c) Inductive mode
The DSTATCOM currents (iCabc) are injected as required compensating currents to cancel the reactive power components and harmonics of the load currents so that loading due to reactive power component/harmonics is reduced on the distribution system. The controller of the D-STATCOM is used to operate the inverter in such a way that the phase angle between the inverter voltage and the line voltage is dynamically adjusted so that the D-STATCOM generates or absorbs the desired VAR at the point of connection. The phase of the output voltage of the inverter Vi, is controlled in the same way as the distribution system voltage.
The DSTATCOM is operated for the compensation of lagging power factor balanced load to correct the power factor at source side or to regulate the voltage at PCC. In ZVR mode, DSTATCOM injects currents to regulate the PCC voltage at the desired reference value of the voltage and the source currents may be leading or lagging currents depending on the reference value of PCC voltage.
IV. DSTATCOM VOLTAGE CONROLLER
The aim of the control scheme is to maintain constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected, under system disturbances. The control system only measures the r.m.s voltage at the load point, i.e., no reactive power measurements are required. The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response. Since custom power is a relatively low-power application, PWM methods offer a more flexible option which is the existing system. Thus the new approach of using the artificial neural network controlled controller for DSTATCOM is proposed in this project.
A. EXISTING SYSTEM: Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation control
In pulse width modulation control, the converter switches are turned on and off several times during a half cycle and output voltage is controlled by varying the width of the pulses. The gate signals are generated by comparing a triangular wave with a DC signal. The lower order harmonics can be eliminated or reduced by selecting the number of pulses per half cycle. However increasing the number of pulses would also increase the magnitude of higher order harmonics which could easily be filtered out.
The width of the pulses can be varied to control the output voltage. However the pulse width of pulses could be different. It is possible to choose the widths of pulses in such a way that certain harmonics can be eliminated. The most common way of varying the width of the pulses is the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation. In SPWM the displacement factor is unity and the power factor is improved. The lower order harmonics are eliminated and reduced. The SPWM pulses are generated and the DSTATCOM is controlled in the open loop response.
B. PROPOSED SYSTEM: Artificial Neural architecture
A BP algorithm is implemented in a three phase shunt connected custom power device known as DSTATCOM for the extraction of the weighted value of load active power and reactive power current components in nonlinear loads. The proposed control algorithm is used for harmonic suppression and load balancing in PFC and zero voltage regulation (ZVR) modes with dc voltage regulation of DSTATCOM.
In this BP algorithm, the training of weights has three stages.
‘ Feed forward of the input signal training,
‘ Calculation and BP of the error signals,
‘ Upgrading of training weights.
Figure: Standard model of BP algorithm
It may have one or more than one layer. Continuity, differentiability and non-decreasing monotony are the main characteristics of this algorithm. It is based on a mathematical formula and does not need special features of function in the learning process. It also has smooth variation on weight correction due to batch updating features on weights. In the training process, it is slow due to more number of learning steps, but after the training of weights, this algorithm produces very fast trained output response. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads.
The training method most commonly used is the back propagation algorithm. The initial output pattern is compared with the desired output pattern and the weights are adjusted by the algorithm to minimize the error. The iterative process finishes when the error becomes near null.
V. REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION
A BP training algorithm is used to estimate the three phase weighted value of load active power current components (wap, wbp and wcp) and reactive power current components (waq , wbq , and wcq) from polluted load currents using the feed forward and supervised principle.
A. DERIVATION OF REFERENCE CURRENTS
Figure: Proposed modeling of BP algorithm
In this estimation, the input layer for three phases (a, b, and c) is expressed as
ILap=wo+ iLauap+ iLbubp+ iLcucp (1)
ILbp=wo+ iLbubp+ iLcucp+ iLauap (2)
ILcp=wo+ iLcucp+ iLauap+ iLbubp (3)
Where wo is the selected value of the initial weight and uap ,ubp ,and ucp are the in-phase unit templates.
In-phase unit templates are estimated using sensed PCC phase voltages (vsa ,vsb and vsc).It is the relation of the phase voltage and the amplitude of the PCC voltage (vt).The amplitude of sensed PCC voltages is estimated as
vt='[2 (vsa2 + vsb2 + vsc2)/3] (4)
The in-phase unit templates of PCC voltages (uap ,ubp , and ucp) are estimated as [13]
uap=vsa/vt ubp=vsb/vt ucp=vsc/vt (5)
The extracted values of ILap ,ILbp and ILcp are passed through a sigmoid function as an activation function, and the output signals (Zap , Zbp , and Zcp) of the feed forward section are expressed as
Zap =f(ILap) = 1/(1 + e’ILap) (6)
Zbp=f(ILbp) = 1/(1 + e’ILbp) (7)
Zcp=f(ILcp) = 1/(1 + e’ILcp) (8)
The estimated values of Zap ,Zbp and Zcp are fed to a hidden layer as input signals. The three phase outputs of this layer (Iap1 , Ibp1 and Icp1 ) before the activation function are expressed as
Iap1 =wo1 + wapZap+ wbpZbp+ wcpZcp (9)
Ibp1 =wo1 + wbpZbp+ wcpZcp+ wapZap (10)
Icp1 =wo1 + wcpZcp+ wapZap+ wbpZbp (11)
Where wo1 ,wap , wbp , and wcp are the selected value of the initial weight in the hidden layer and the updated values of three phase weights using the average weighted value (wp)of the active power current component as a feedback signal, respectively.
The updated weight of phase ‘a’ active power current components of load current ‘wap’ at the nth sampling instant is expressed as
wap(n) = wp(n) + ?? {wp(n) ‘ wap1(n)} f ‘(Iap1)zap(n) (12)
Where wp (n) and wap (n) are the average weighted value of the active power component of load currents and the updated weighted value of phase ‘a’ at the nth sampling instant, respectively, and wap1 (n) and zap (n) are the phase ‘a’ fundamental weighted amplitude of the active power component of the load current and the output of the feed forward section of the algorithm at the nth instant, respectively. f (Iap1 ) and ?? are represented as the derivative of Iap1 components and the learning rate.
Similarly, for phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c,’ the updated weighted values of the active power current components of the load current are expressed as
wbp(n)=wp(n)+?? {wp(n)’wbp1(n)} f'(Ibp1)zbp(n) (13)
wcp(n)=wp(n)+?? {wp(n)’wcp1(n)} f'(Icp1)zcp(n) (14)
The extracted values of Iap1, Ibp1, and Icp1 are passed through a sigmoid function as an activation function to the estimation of the fundamental active components in terms of three phase weights wap1, wbp1 , and wcp1 as
wap1 =f(Iap1) = 1/(1 + e’Iap1) (15)
wbp1 =f(Ibp1) = 1/(1 + e’Ibp1) (16)
wcp1 =f(Icp1) = 1/(1 + e’Icp1) (17)
The average weighted amplitude of the fundamental active power components (wp) is estimated using the amplitude sum of three phase load active power components (wap1 ,wbp1 and wcp1 ) divided by three. It is required to realize load balancing features of DSTATCOM. Mathematically, it is expressed as
wp= (wap1 + wbp1 + wcp1)/3 (18)
First-order low-pass filters are used to separate the low frequency components. ‘k’ denotes the scaled factor of the extracted active power components of current in the algorithm. After separating the low-frequency components and scaling to the actual value because the output of the activation function is between 0 and 1, it is represented as wLpA. Similarly, the weighted amplitudes of the reactive power components of the load currents (waq, wbq, and wcq) of the fundamental load current are extracted as
ILaq=wo+ iLauaq+ iLbubq+ iLcucq (19)
ILbq= wo+ iLauaq+ iLbubq+ iLcucq (20)
ILcq= wo+ iLauaq+ iLbubq+ iLcucq (21)
Where wo is the selected value of the initial weight and uaq, ubq and ucq are the quadrature components of the unit template.
The quadrature unit templates (uaq, ubq, and ucq) of the phase PCC voltage are estimated using (5) as
uaq=(‘ubp+ ucp)/ ‘3, ubq=(3uap + ubp ‘ ucp)/2’3; ucq=(‘3uap + ubp ‘ ucp)/2’3 (22)
The extracted values of ILaq, ILbq, and ILcq are passed through a sigmoid function as an activation function to the estimation of Zaq, Zbq, and Zcq
Zaq=f(ILaq) = 1/(1 + e’ILaq) (23)
Zbq=f(ILbq) = 1/(1 + e’ILbq) (24)
Zcq=f(ILcq) = 1/(1 + e’ILcq) (25)
The estimated values of Zaq, Zbq, and Zcq are fed to the hidden layer as input signals. The three phase outputs of this layer (Iaq1, Ibq1, and Icq1) before the activation function can be represented as
Iaq1 =wo1 + waqZaq+ wbqZbq+ wcqZcq (26)
Ibq1 =wo1 + waqZaq+ wbqZbq+ wcqZcq (27)
Icq1 = wo1 + waqZaq+ wbqZbq+ wcqZcq (28)
Where wo1, waq, wbq, and wcq are the selected value of the initial weight in the hidden layer and the updated three weights using the average weighted value of the reactive power components of currents (wq) as a feedback signal, respectively.
The updated weight of the phase ‘a’ reactive power components of load currents ‘waq’ at the nth sampling instant is expressed as
waq(n) = wq(n) + ?? {wq(n) ‘ waq1(n)} f'(Iaq1)zaq(n) (29)
wq(n) and waq(n) are the average weighted value of the active power component of load currents and the updated weight in the nth sampling instant, respectively, and waq1(n)and zaq(n) are the phase ‘a’ weighted amplitude of the reactive power current component of load currents and the output of the feed forward section of the algorithm at the nth instant, respectively. f(Iaq1) and ?? are presented as the derivative of Iaq1 components and the learning rate.
Similarly, for phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c,’ the updated weighted values of the reactive power current components of the load current are expressed as
wbq(n) =wq(n) + ?? {wq(n) ‘ wbq1(n)} f'(Ibq1)zbq(n) (30)
wcq(n) =wq(n) + ?? {wq(n) ‘ wcq1(n)} f'(Icq1)zcq(n) (31)
The extracted values of Iaq1, Ibq1, and Icq1 are passed through an activation function to the estimation of the fundamental reactive component in terms of three phase weights waq1, wbq1, and wcq1 as
waq1 =f(Iaq1) = 1/(1 + e’Iaq1) (32)
wbq1 =f(Ibq1) = 1/(1 + e’Ibq1) (33)
wcq1 =f(Icq1) = 1/(1 + e’Icq1) (34)
The average weight of the amplitudes of the fundamental reactive power current components (wq) is estimated using the amplitude sum of the three phase load reactive power components of the load current (waq1, wbq1, and wcq1) divided by three. Mathematically, it is expressed as
wq= (waq1 + wbq1 + wcq1)/3 (35)
First-order low-pass filters are used to separate the low frequency component. ‘r’ denotes the scaled factor of the extracted reactive power components in the algorithm. After separating low-frequency components and scaling to the actual value because the output of the activation function is between 0 and 1, it is represented as wLqA.
B. Amplitude of Active Power Current Components of Reference Source Currents
An error in the dc bus voltage is obtained after comparing the reference dc bus voltage vdc*and the sensed dc bus voltage vdc of a VSC, and this error at the nth sampling instant is expressed as
vde(n) = vdc*(n) ‘ vdc(n). (36)
This voltage error is fed to a proportional’integral (PI) controller whose output is required for maintaining the dc bus voltage of the DSTATCOM. At the nth sampling instant, the output of the PI controller is as follows
wdp(n)= wdp(n’1)+kpd {vde(n) ‘ vde(n’1)}+kid vde(n) (37)
Where kpd and kid are the proportional and integral gain constants of the dc bus PI controller. vde(n) and vde(n ‘ 1) are the dc bus voltage errors in the nth and (n ‘ 1)th instant, and wdp(n) and wdp(n ‘ 1) are the amplitudes of the active power component of the fundamental reference current at the nth and(n ‘ 1)th instant, respectively.
The amplitude of the active power current components of the reference source current (wspt) is estimated by the addition of the output of the dc bus PI controller (wdp) and the average magnitude of the load active currents (wLpA) as
wspt= wdp+ wLpA. (38)
C. Amplitude of Reactive Power Components of Reference Source Currents:
An error in the ac bus voltage is achieved after comparing the amplitudes of the reference ac bus voltage vt*and the sensed ac bus voltage vt of a VSC. The extracted ac bus voltage error vt at the nth sampling instant is expressed as
vte(n) = vt*(n) ‘ vt(n) (39)
The weighted output of the ac bus PI controller wqq for regulating the ac bus terminal voltage at the nth sampling instant is expressed as
wqq(n) = wqq(n’1)+kpt {vte(n) ‘ vte(n’1)}+kit vte(n) (40)
Where wqq(n) is part of the reactive power component of the source current and it is renamed as wqq. Kpt and kit are the proportional and integral gain constants of the ac bus voltage PI controller.
The amplitude of the reactive power current components of the reference source current (wsqt) is calculated by subtracting the output of the voltage PI controller (wqq) and the average load reactive currents (wLqA) as
wsqt= wqq’wLqA (41)
D. Estimation of Reference Source Currents and Generation of IGBT Gating Pulses:
Three phase reference source active and reactive current components are estimated using the amplitude of three phase (a, b and c) load active power current components, PCC voltage in-phase unit templates, reactive power current components, and PCC quadrature voltage unit templates as
isap=wsptuap, isbp= wsptubp, iscp= wsptucp (42)
isaq=wsqtuaq, isbq= wsqtubq, iscq= wsqtucq. (43)
The addition of reference active and reactive current components is known as reference source currents, and these are given as
Isa*= isap+ isaq, Isb*= isbp+ isbq, Isc*= iscp+ iscq (44)
The sensed source currents (isa, isb, isc) and the reference source currents (isa*, isb*, isc*) are compared, and current error signals are amplified through PI current regulators; their outputs are fed to a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller to generate the gating signals for insulated-gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs) S1 to S6 of the VSC used as a DSTATCOM
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
A. EXISTING SYSTEM: PWM CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
This shows the Simulink modeling of DSTATCOM in which the gate signals are generated by the PWM controller The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response. Since custom power is a relatively low-power application, PWM methods offer a more flexible option which is the existing system.
Figure: Simulink modeling of PWM controlled DSTATCOM
B. RESULTS OF PWM CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
The below figure shows the waveform of source currents (isa, isb,isc) load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc) and compensating currents (iCa,iCb, iCc) with PCC line voltage (vab) under unbalanced nonlinear loads.
Figure: Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM with PWM controller
a)VSabc b)ISabc c)ILabc d)ICabc e)Vdc
C. THD ANALYSIS OF PWM CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
Harmonic spectra of phase ‘a’ voltage at PCC (vsa), source current (isa) and load current (iLa) are shown in figure. THDs of the phase ‘a’ at PCC voltage, source current, load current are observed 0.01%, 18.61% and 14.25% respectively.
Figure 14: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of PCC voltage of phase ‘a’
Figure 15: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of Source current of phase ‘a’
Figure 16: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of load current of phase ‘a’
D. PROPOSED SYSTEM: Neural Network Controlled DSTATCOM
The figure shows the modeling of artificial neural network controlled algorithm in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Figure : Simulink Modeling of Neural Network Controlled DSTATCOM
E. UNIT TEMPLATE ESTIMATION
The figure shows the mathematical modeling of Unit template estimation which is essential for the reference current calculation in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Figure: Mathematical modeling of Unit templates
F. REFERENCE CURRENT CALCULATION
The figure shows the mathematical modeling of reference current calculation in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Figure 19: Mathematical modeling of Reference currents calculation
G. DSTATCOM CONTROLLER
Figure: Mathematical Modeling of DSTATCOM controller
H. RESULTS OF NEURAL NETWORK CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
The figure shows the waveform of source currents (isa, isb,isc) load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc) and compensating currents (iCa,iCb, iCc) with PCC line voltage (vab) under unbalanced nonlinear loads.
Figure : Dynamic Performance of DSTATCOM under Non Linear Load in PFC mode
a)VSabc b)ISabc c)ILa d) ILb e) ILc f)ICa g)ICb h)ICc i)ILabc j)Vdc
I. THD ANALYSIS OF NEURAL NETWORK CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
Harmonic spectra of phase ‘a’ voltage at PCC (vsa), source current (isa) and load current (iLa) are shown in figure. THDs of the phase ‘a’ at PCC voltage, source current, load current are observed 0.02%, 2.46% and 11.50% respectively.
Figure 22: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of PCC voltage of phase ‘a’ in PFC mode.
Figure 23: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of Source current of phase ‘a’ in PFC mode
Figure 24: Waveforms and harmonic spectra of load current of phase ‘a’ in PFC mode
VII. ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DSTATCOM
Performance parameters DSTATCOM With PWM controller-Non Linear load
( 3 Phase uncontrolled rectifier with RL load) DSTATCOM With BP controller-Non Linear load
( 3 Phase uncontrolled rectifier with RL load)
PCC voltage (V), %THD 338.8 V,0.01% 338.5 V,0.02%
Source current (A), % THD 12.55 A,18.61% 30.1A,2.46%
Load current (A),% THD 40.06A, 14.25% 36.97%, 11.50%
Dc bus voltage (V) 700V 700V
Table 1: Comparative analysis on Performance of DSTATCOM in PFC mode
VIII. PARAMETERS USED IN SIMULATION:
This table shows the parameters that are considered to simulate the PWM controlled DSTATCOM and the Artificial Neural Network controlled DSTATCOM.
PARAMETERS ANN CONTROLLED DSTATCOM PWM CONTROLLED DSTATCOM
AC Supply Source, three phase 415 V(L-L), 50 HZ 415 V(L-L), 50 HZ
Source Impedance Ls= 15 mH Ls= 15 mH
Non-linear: Three phase full bridge uncontrolled rectifier R= 13?? and L= 200mH R= 13?? and L= 200mH
Ripple filter Rf =5 ??, Cf = 10??F Rf =5 ??, Cf = 10??F
Switching frequency of Inverter 10kHz 10kHz
Reference dc bus voltage 700 V 700 V
Interfacing Inductor(Lf) 2.75mH 2.75mH
Gains of PI controller for dc bus voltage kpd =3.1, kid=0.9 kpd =3.1, kid=0.9
Gains of voltage PI controller kpt=2.95, kit =4 kpt=2.95, kit =4
Cut off frequency of low pass filter used in dc bus voltage 15 Hz 15 Hz
Cut off frequency of low pass filter used in ac bus voltage 10Hz 10Hz
Cut off frequency of low pass filter used in dc bus voltage 15 Hz –
Learning rate (??) 0.6 –
Table 2: Parameters of the PWM controlled DSTATCOM and ANN controlled DSTATCOM
IX. CONCLUSION
A VSC based DSTATCOM has been accepted as the most preferred solution for power quality improvement as power factor correction and to maintain rated PCC voltage. A three phase DSTATCOM has been implemented for compensation of nonlinear loads using BPT control algorithm to verify its effectiveness. The proposed BPT control algorithm has been used for extraction of reference source currents to generate the switching pulses for IGBTs of VSC of DSTATCOM. Various functions of DSTATCOM such as, harmonic elimination and load balancing have been demonstrated in PFC and ZVR modes with DC voltage regulation of DSTATCOM.
From simulation and implementation results, it is concluded that DSTATCOM and its control algorithm have been found suitable for compensation of nonlinear loads. These results show satisfactory performance of the BP control algorithm for harmonics elimination according to IEEE-519 guidelines in order of less than 5%. Its performance has been found satisfactory for this application because extracted reference source currents exactly tracing the sensed source currents during steady state as well as dynamic conditions. The DC bus voltage of the DSTATCOM has also been regulated to rated value without any overshoot or undershoots during load variation. Large training time in the application of complex system, selection of number of hidden layer in system is the disadvantage of this algorithm.
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